Descende cœlo Horrida tempestas Icci beatis. Ille et nefasto Impios parræ Motum ex Metello Musis amicus Non ebur neque aureum Non vides quanto . 1 Nullus argento. 6 Nunc est bibendum 14 O crudelis adhuc 20 Diva gratum 5 O fons Blandusiæ 70 matre pulchrâ. 3 O nata mecum. 10 navis referent 2 O sæpe mecum. 30 Venus regina 7 Odi profanum 5 Otium Divos Partius junctas 3 Parcus Deorum 2 Parentis olim 15 Pastor quum traheret 4 Persicos odi puer 1 Petti nihil me. 1 Phoebe, silvarumque 2 Phoebus volentem 2 9 1 6 1 1 1 2122146262 16 1 5 Pindarum quisquis 3 Poscimur siquid . 2 Quæ cura patrum. 3 Qualem ministrum 11 Quando repôstum. 1 Quantum distet ab Inacho 2 Quem tu, Melpomene 5 Quem virum aut heroa 1 Quid bellicosus. 8 Quid dedicatum 4 Quid files Asterie 12 Quid immerentes 7 Quid obseratis 4 Quid tibi vis 2 Quis desiderio 3 Quis multa gracilis. 2 Quo me, Bacche 1 1 2 1 1 4 11 2 Quo, quo scelesti ruitis 19 Rectius vives 10 Rogare longo 2 Scribēris Vario. 1 Septimi Gades 1 Sic te Diva potens 2 Tu ne quæsieris 5 Tyrrhena regum 1 Ulla si juris 18 Uxor pauperis Ibyci. 1 Velox amœnum 1 Vides ut alta 2 Vile potabis 10 Vitas hinnuleo 9 Vixi choreis 17 331 APPENDIX. 1. ROMAN COMPUTATION OF TIME. 1. Divisions of the Year. 873.-Romulus is said to have divided the year into ten months, as follows: 1. Martius, from Mars, his supposed father; 2. Aprilis, from Aperio, "to open;" 3. Maius, from Maia, the mother of Mercury; 4. Junius, from the goddess Juno. The rest were named from their number, as follows: 5. Quintilis, afterwards Julius, from Julius Cæsar; 6. Sextilis, afterwards Augustus, from Augustus Caesar; 7. September; 8. October; 9. November; and 10. December. Numa afterwards added two months; viz: 11. Januarius, from the god Janus; 12. Februarius, from februo, "to purify." 874.-As the months were regulated by the course of the moon, it was soon found that the months and seasons did not always correspond, and various expedients were adopted to correct this error. Much confusion however still remained till about A. U. 707, when Julius Cæsar, assisted by Sosigenes, an astronomer of Alexandria, reformed the Calendar, adjusted the year according to the course of the sun, and assigned to each of the twelve months the number of days which they still contain. 2. The Roman Month. 875.-The Romans divided their month into three parts, called Kalends, Nones, and Ides*. The first day of every month was called the Kalends; the fifth was called the Nones; and the thirteenth was called the Ides; except in March, May, July, and October, when the Nones fell on the seventh, and the Ides on the fifteenth; and the day was numbered according to its distance, (not after but) before each of these points; that is, after the Kalends, they numbered the day according to its distance before the Nones; after the Nones, according to its distance before the Ides; and after the Ides, according to its distance before the Kalends—both days being always included. The day before each of these points was never numbered, bnt called Pridie, or ante diem Nonorum, or Iduum, or Kalendārum, as the case might be; the day before that was called tertio, the day before that, quarto, &c.; scil. Nonōrum, Iduum, Kalendārum. 876. Various expressions and constructions were used by the Romans in the notation of the days of the months. Thus, for example, the 29th December or the 4th of the Kalends of January, was expressed differently as follows: 1st. Quarto Kalendārum Januarii. Abbreviated, IV. Kal. Jan., or 66 The first day was named Kalends, from the Greek, kaλew, to call, because when the month was regulated according to the course of the moon, the priest announced the new moon, which was of course the first day of the month. The Nones were so called because that day was always the ninth from the Ides. The term Ides is derived from an obsolete Latin verb iduare, to divide, it is supposed, because that day being about the middle of the month, divided it ir o two nearly equal parts 3d. Quarto Kalendas Januarias. Abbreviated. IV. Kal. Jan., or 66 In these expressions, quarto agrees with die understood; and die governs Kalendarum in the genitive. Kalendas is governed by ante understood. In the first expression, Januarii is considered as a noun governed by Kalendarum; in the second, as a noun governed by Kalendas; in the third, Januarias is regarded as an adjective agreeing with Kalendas; in the fourth, ante diem quartum is a technical phrase for die quarto ante, and frequently has a preposition before it; as, in ante diem, &c., or, ex ante diem, &c. The notation of Nones and Ides was expressed in the same way, and with the same variety of expression. The correspondence of the Roman notation of time with our own, may be seen by inspection of the following 3. Rules for reducing Time. As, however, this table cannot be always at hand, the following simple rules will enable a person to reduce time without a table. L TO REDUCE ROMAN TIME TO OUR own. For reducing Kalends. 878.-Kalendæ are always the first day of the month :-Pridie Kalendārum, always the last day of the month preceding. For any other notation, observe the following 879.-RULE. Subtract the number of the Kalends given, from the number of days in the preceding month; add 2, and the result will be the day of the preceding month; thus, X. Kal. Jan.-Dec. has days 31-10=21+2=23d of Dec'r. XVI. Kal. Dec.-Nov. has days 30-16=14+2=16th of Nov'r. For reducing Nones and Ides. The 880.-RULE. Subtract the number given, from the number of the day on which the Nones or Ides fall, and add 1. result will be the day of the month named; thus, IV. Non. Dec.-Nones on the 5-4=1+1=2, or 2d Dec'r II. FOR REDUCING OUR TIME TO ROMAN. 881.-If the day is that on which the Kalends, Nones, or Ides fall call it by these names. If the day before, call it Pridie Kal. (of the following month), Prid. Non., Pridie Id. (of the same month). Other days to be denominated according to their distance before the point next fol. lowing, viz.: those after the Kalends and before the Nones, to be called Nones; those after the Nones and before the Ides, to be called Ides, viz.: of the month named; and those after the Ides and before the Kalends, to be called Kalends, viz.: of the month following; as follows: For reducing to Kalends. 882.-RULE. Subtract the day of the month given, from the number of days in the month, and add 2. The result will be the number of the Kalends of the month following; thus, Des. 23d.-Dec. has days 31-23=8+2=10, or X. Kal. Jan. For reducing to Nones and Ides. 883.-RULE. Subtract the day of the month given, from the day of the Nones (if between the Kalends and Nones), or from the day of the Ides (if between the Nones and Ides), and add 1. The result will be the number of the Nones or Ides respectively; as, Dec. 2d.-Day of the Nones 5-2=3+1=4, or IV. Non. Dec. 884. The Roman civil day extended, as with us, from midnight to midnight, and its parts were variously named; as, media nox, gallicinium canticinium, diluculum, măne, antemeridiānum, meridies, pomeridiānum, &c' 885.-The natural day extended from sunrise (sõlis ortus) till sunset (solis occasus), and was divided into twelve equal parts, called hours, (hora); which were, of course, longer or shorter according to the length of the day. At the equinox, their hour and ours would be of the same length; but, as they began to number at sunrise, the number would be different, i. e. their first hour would correspond to our 7 o'clock, their second to our 8 o'clock, &c. 886. The night was divided by the Romans into four watches (vigi lia), each equal to three hours; the first and second extending from sunset to midnight, and the third and fourth, from midnight to sunrise. II. OF ROMAN NAMES. 887.-The Romans at first seem to have had but one name; as, Ro mulus, Remus, Numitor; sometimes two; as, Numa Pompilius, Ancus Martius, &c.; but when they began to be divided into tribes, or clans, (gentes) they commonly had three names-the prænomen, the nōmen, and the cognomen; arranged as follows: 1. The Prænomen stood first, and distinguished the individual. It was commonly written with one or two letters; as, A. for Aulus; C. for Caius: Cn. for Cneius, &c. 2. The Nomen, which distinguished the gens. This name commonly ended in ius; as, Cornelius, Fabius, Tullius, &c; and 3. The Cognomen, or surname, was put last, and marked the family; as, Cicero, Cæsar, &c. Thus, in Publius Cornelius Scipio, Publius is the prænomen, and denotes the individual; Cornelius is the nomen, and denotes the gens; and Scipio is the cognōmen, and denotes the family. 4. Sometimes a fourth name, called the Agnomen, was added, as a memorial of some illustrious action or remarkable event. Thus, Scipio was named Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage in Africa. 888.-The three names, however, were not always used-commonly two, and sometimes only one. In speaking to any one, the prænōmen was commonly used, which was peculiar to Roman citizens. 889.-When there was only one daughter in a family, she was called by the name of the gens, with a feminine termination; as, Tullia, the daughter of M. Tullius Cicero; Julia, the daughter of C. Julius Cæsar. If |