18. The following neuter nouns, for the most part, want

the plural:

Album, -i, a list of names.

Barǎthrum, -i, any deep place.

Diluculum, -i, the dawn of day.

Ebur, -oris, ivory.

Fænum, -i, hay.

Gělu, frost, indeclinable.

Lŭtum, -i, clay

Nectar, ăris, nectar.

Pelagus, -i, the sea.

Pěnum, -i, and pěnus, -õris, all kinds of provisions.

Pus, pūris, matter.

Hilum, -i, the black speck of a bean; Sal, sălis, salt.

a trifle.

Jubar, -ăris, the sunbeam.

Ver, vēris, the spring.

Virus, -i, poison.

Justitium, -i, a vacation, the time Vitrum, -i, glass.

when courts do not sit.

Viscum, -i, the mistletoe.

Lardum, -i, bacon.

Lethum, -i, death.

Vulgus, i, the rabble.

Obs. 6. Ebur, lardum, lutum, and pus, are found in the plural; and pelage is found, in some cases, as the plural of pelagus; sal, as a neuter noun, is not used in the plural.

19. Many nouns want the singular; such as the names of feasts, books, games, and many cities and places; as,

Apollinares, -ium, games in honor of Olympia, -ōrum, the Olympic games.
Apollo.
Syracusæ, -ārum, Syracuse.

Bacchanalia, -ium, and -ōrum, the Hierosolyma, -ōrum, Jerusalem.

feasts of Bacchus.

Bucolica, -ōrum, a book of pastorals.

20. The following masculine the singular :

Antes, the front rows of vines. Cancelli, lattices, or windows made with cross-bars.

Cani, gray hairs.

Celĕres, -um, the light-horse.
Codicilli, writings.

Fasti, -ōrum, or fastus, -uum, calen-
dars, in which were marked festival-
days, &c.

Thermopyla, -ārum, the straits of
Thermopyla.

nouns are scarcely used in

Inferi, the gods below.

Lemures, -um, ghosts, hobgoblins.
Liběri, children.

Majōres, -um, ancestors.

Manes, -ium, ghosts.

Minōres, -um, successors.

Penātes, -um, or -ium, household gods.
Postěri, posterity.

Proceres, -um, the nobles.

Fori, the gangways of a ship, or seats Pugillares, -ium, writing tables.

in the Circus.

Supĕri, the gods above.

Obs. 7. Liběri and proceres are also found in the singular (procěrem). Some of the others, as inferi, majāres, &c.,

are properly adjectives, and agree with the substantives which are implied in their signification.

21. The following feminine nouns want the singular :

Kalendæ, Nōnæ, Idus, Parietinæ, ruinous walls

-uum, names which the Phalĕræ, trappings.

Romans gave to certain Primitiæ, first fruits.'

Obs. 8. Acía and transtra, are also found in the singular. Some of the others, as æstiva, brevia, hyberna, statīva, &c., are properly adjectives; and agree with the substantives which are necessary to complete their meaning.

III. Redundant Nouns.

23. Some nouns are redundant in termination, gender, or form of declension: as, arbor, or arbos, a tree; vulgus, the rabble, masculine or neuter; menda, mendæ, or mendum, mendi, a fault.

The most numerous class of redundant nouns, is composed of those which express the same meaning by different terminations; as,

Elephantus, & Elephas, -antis, an Ruscum, & -us, butcher's broom.

Gausăpa, & -e, -es ; & -e, -is ; & -um, a Sinus, & -um, a milk pail.

Suffimen, & -tum, a perfume.

Tignus, & -um, a plank.

Toral, & -ale, a bed-covering.

Tonitrus, -ûs, & -u, & -uum, thunder.

Torcular, & -āre, a wine-press.
Veternus, &-um, a lethargy.
Viscum, & -us, the mistletoe.

Obs. 9. Some of the nouns in the preceding list, may be used in either or in any of the terminations, and in the singular or plural, indifferently; some, as auxilium, laurus, -ûs, are used only in one or two cases; or in one number, as elegi; while others, as prætextus (a pretext) and prætextum (a border), though sometimes synonymous, are commonly employed in a different meaning.

24. The following nouns have a meaning in the plural dif ferent from that which generally belongs to them in the singular :

Singular.

Aedes, a temple.
Auxilium, assistance.

Bonum, any thing good.
Carcer, a prison.

Castrum, a fort.

Comitium, a place in the Roman
forum where the comitia were held.

Copia, plenty.
Cupedia, daintiness.
Facultas, power, ability.

Fascis, a bundle of twigs, a fagot.

Finis. the end of any thing.
Fortūna, fortune.

Gratia, grace, favor.

Hortus, a garden.

Litera, a letter of the alphabet.
Lustrum, a period of five years.
Natālis, a birth-day.
Opěra, labor.

Opis, (genitive,) help.
Pars, a part, portion.

Plaga, a space, a tract of country.
Principium, a beginning, a first prin-
ciple, or element.

Aedes, a house.

Plural.

Auxilia, auxiliary troops.
Bona, goods, property.

Carceres, the barriers of a race

course.

Castra, a camp.

Comitia, an assembly of the peopla
for the purpose of voting.
Copiæ, troops.

Cupediæ, or -a, dainties.
Facultātes, wealth, property.
Fasces, a bundle of rods carried be-

fore the chief magistrate of Rome
Fines, the boundaries of a country.
Fortunæ, an estate, possessions
Gratiæ, thanks.

Horti, pleasure-grounds.
Literæ, a letter, epistle.

Lustra, dens of wild beasts.

Natāles, birth, descent.

Opěræ, workmen.

Rostrum, the beak of a bird, the Rostra, a pulpit in the Roman forum,

sharp part of the prow of a ship.

Sal, salt.

from which orators used to address

the people.

Săles, witticisms.

Note 4.-All the nouns in the preceding list, except castrum and comitium, are sometimes found in the singular, in the sense in which they more commonly occur in the plural.

§ 19. THE ADJECTIVE.

97.--An ADJECTIVE is a word used to qualify a substantive; as, vir BONUS, a GOOD man; DECEM nāves, TEN ships.

A noun is qualified by an adjective when the object named is thereby described, limited, or distinguished from other things of the same name.

1. The accidents of the adjective are gender, number, and case, and, of most adjectives, also comparison.

2. Adjectives, in Latin, indicate the gender, number, and case, by the termination; as, bon-us, bòn-a, băn-um. (98.)

3. Participles have the form and declension of adjectives, while, in time and signification, they belong to the verb.

4. Some adjectives denote each gender by a different termination in the nominative, and consequently have three terminations. Some have one form common to the masculine and feminine, and are adjectives of two terminations; and some are adjectives of one termination, which is common tc all genders.

5. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions, or of the third only.

6. Adjectives of three terminations (except thirteen), are of the first and second declensions; but those of one or two terminations, are of the third.

Exc. Thirteen adjectives in er, of three terminations, are of the third declension. (See 99-5.)