Obs. 2. The verbs that express being simply, in Latin, are sum, fio, existo, signifying, in general, "to be," or "exist." The state of being expressed by intransitive verbs may be a state of rest, as dormio, "I sleep;" or of motion, as cado, "I fall;" or of action, as curro, "I run."

Obs. 3. The action expressed by an intransitive verb does not, like the action expressed by a transitive verb, pass over from the agent or actor to an object. It has no immediate relation to any thing beyond its subject, which it represents in a certain state or condition, and nothing more; and hence they may always be distinguished thus:-A transitive verb always requires an object to complete the sense; as, ǎmo тE, "I love thee;"—the intransitive verb does not, but the sense is complete without such an object; as, sedeo, "I sit;" curro, “I run."

Obs. 4. Many verbs considered intransitive in Latin, are translated by verbs considered transitive in English; as, placeo, "I please;" obedio, "I obey;" credo, "I believe;" &c.

Obs. 5. Many verbs are used sometimes in a transitive, and sometimes in an intransitive sense. Such are fugio, inclino, timeo, &c.; as, fuge dextrum littus (tr.), "avoid the right hand shore;" tempus fugit (intr.), "time flies;" timeo Danaos (tr.), "I dread the Greeks;" timeo (intr.), "I am afraid."-In some, une transitive and intransitive are distinguished by a difference in form and conjugation; thus, jacio, jaceo; pendo, pendeo; albo, albeo; fugo, fugio; placo, placeo; sedo, sedeo; &c.

Obs. 6. Verbs usually intransitive assume a transitive sense, when a word of signification similar to that of the verb itself is introduced as its object; as, vivĕre vītam, "to live a life;" jurāre jusjurandum, "to swear an oath."

Obs. 7. When we wish to direct the attention, not so much to any particular act of the subject of discourse, as to the employment or state of that subject, the object of the act—not being important—is omitted, and the transitive verb assumes the character of an intransitive; thus, in the sentence, puer legit, "the boy reads," nothing more is indicated than the present state or employment of puer, "the boy," and the verb has obviously an intransitive sense: still, an object is necessarily implied, as he who reads must read something. But when we say puer legit Homērum, "the boy reads Homer," the attention is directed to a particular act, terminating on a certain object, "Homerum," and the verb has its proper transitive sense.

§ 39. DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERBS.

133.-Though the division of verbs into Transitive and Intransitive comprehends all the verbs in any language, yet, from something peculiar in their form or signification, they are characterized by different names, expressive of this pecu liarity. The most common of these are the following, viz: Regular, Irregular, Deponent, Common, Defective, Impersonal, Redundant, Frequentative, Inceptive, and Desiderative.

1. REGULAR VERBS are those in which the secondary parts are formed from the primary, according to certain rules. 184.

Note.-Under these are included Transitive, Intransitive, Deponent, and Common verbs belonging to the four conjugations.

.2. IRREGULAR VERBS are those in which some of the secondary parts are not formed from the primary, according to rule. 221.

3. DEPONENT VERBS under a passive form have an active signification. 207-1.

4. COMMON VERBS under a passive form have an active or passive signification. 207-2.

5. DEFECTIVE VERBS are those in which some of the parts are wanting. 222.

6. IMPERSONAL VERBS are used only in the third person singular. 223.

7. REDUNDANT VERBS have more than one form of the same part. 225.

8. FREQUENTATIVE VERBS express repeated action. 227-1.

9. INCEPTIVE VERBS mark the beginning or continued increase of an action. 227-2.

10. DESIDERATIVE VERBS denote desire or intention of doing. 227-3. The three last are always derivatives. 226.

§ 40. INFLECTION OF VERBS.

134.-To the inflection of Verbs belong Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons.

1. The VOICES, in Latin, are two, Active and Passive.

2. The Moods are four, the Indicative, Subjunc tive, Imperative, and Infinitive.

3. The TENSES are six, the Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future, and Future-Perfect. 4. The NUMBERS are two, Singular and Plural. 5. The PERSONS are three, First, Second, and Third.

6. Besides these, to the Verb belong, Partici ples, Gerunds, and Supines.

7. The CONJUGATION of a verb is the arrangement of its different moods, tenses, &c., according to a certain order. Of these, in Latin, there are four, called the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations. 184-1-3.

Obs. A few verbs in Latin are of more than one conjuga tion, and a few have some of their parts belonging to one conjugation, and others to another.

§ 41. VOICE.

135.-VOICE is a particular form of the verb which shows the relation of the subject, or thing spoken of, to the action expressed by the verb. The transitive verb, in Latin, has two voices, called the Active and the Passive.

1 The ACTIVE VOICE represents the subject of

the verb as acting on some object; as, amo te, "I love thee."

2. The PASSIVE VOICE represents the subject of the verb as acted upon; as, amatur, "he is loved."

136.-OBSERVATIONS.

1. In both voices, the act expressed by the verb is the same, but differently related to the subject of the verb. In the active voice, the subject is the actor; in the passive, it is acted upon, as in the above examples. Hence, the same idea may be expressed with equal propriety in either voice, by simply changing the object of the active voice into the subject of the passive: thus, by the active voice, Cæsar vicit Galliam, “ Cæsar conquered Gaul;" by the passive, Gallia victa est a Cæsăre, "Gaul was conquered by Cæsar."

This property of the transitive verb, enables the speaker or writer not only to vary his form of expression at pleasure, but also, by means of the passive form, to direct the attention to the act and the object acted upon, when the actor either is unknown, or, it may be, unimportant or improper to be mentioned thus, "America was discovered and inhabited before the days of Columbus." So also the attention may be directed by means of the active voice to the act and the actor, without regard to the object. See 132, Obs. 7.

:

2. Intransitive verbs, from their nature, do not admit a distinction of voice. They are generally in the Arm of the active voice, but are frequently used in the third person singular, passive form, as impersonal verbs. 223-3. Deponent intransitives, however, have the form of the passive.

3. The passive voice, in Latin, is often used in a sense similar to the middle voice in Greek, to express actively what its subject does to, or for itself; as, donec pauci, qui prælio superfuerant, paludibus ABDERENTUR, "till the few who had sur

vived the battle, concealed themselves in the marshes." TAC. The following are examples of the same kind: Columba-FERTUR in arva võlans. VIRG.-Nunc spicula vertunt infensi; factâ pariter nunc pace FERUNTUR. Id.-E scopulo multâ vix arte REVULSUS-rătem Sergestus agebat. Id.-Quis ignōrat, ii, qui mathematici vocantur, in quantâ obscuritāte rērum—VERSENtur. CIC.-Cum igitur vehementius INVEHERETUR in causam princă

pum consul Philippus. Id.-Cum omnes in omni genère scele rum VOLUTENTUR. Id.

Circumdat nequidquam humeris, et inutile ferrum

CINGITUR, ac densos FERTUR moriturus in hostes. VIRG.

In all such constructions, the words " a se may be under

stood after the verb.

§ 42. MOODS.

137.-MOOD is the mode or manner of expressing the signification of the verb.

138. The moods, in Latin, are four; namely, the Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive.

139.-I. The INDICATIVE MOOD asserts the action or state expressed by the verb, simply as a fact, and generally in an independent clause; as, scribo, "I write;" tempus fugit, "time flies."

140.-Obs. 1. The indicative mood is sometimes used in dependent clauses with si, nisi, etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, to assert a fact as a condition or supposition; as, si quid melius hăbes, arcesse. Or with ut or quum, "when," signifying time past; as, Tempus fuit quum homines vagabantur. Ut inquinavit are tempus aureum. HOR.

141. Obs. 2. The indicative followed by si non, ni, nisi, is sometimes used potentially, to express, not what did take place, but what would have taken place if something else had not happened; as, Tenus Ægyptum penetravit, nisi exercitus sequi recusâsset, "He would have penetrated as far as Ægypt, if the army had not refused to follow him." 624.

142.-II. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD represents the action or state expressed by the verb, not as a fact, but only as a conception formed by the mind. It is generally used in dependent clauses in various ways, as follows: