The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on ArgumentationUniversity of Notre Dame Pess, 30 set 1991 - 576 pagine The New Rhetoric is founded on the idea that since “argumentation aims at securing the adherence of those to whom it is addressed, it is, in its entirety, relative to the audience to be influenced,” says Chaïm Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca, and they rely, in particular, for their theory of argumentation on the twin concepts of universal and particular audiences: while every argument is directed to a specific individual or group, the orator decides what information and what approaches will achieve the greatest adherence according to an ideal audience. This ideal, Perelman explains, can be embodied, for example, "in God, in all reasonable and competent men, in the man deliberating or in an elite.” Like particular audiences, then, the universal audience is never fixed or absolute but depends on the orator, the content and goals of the argument, and the particular audience to whom the argument is addressed. These considerations determine what information constitutes "facts" and "reasonableness" and thus help to determine the universal audience that, in turn, shapes the orator's approach. The adherence of an audience is also determined by the orator's use of values, a further key concept of the New Rhetoric. Perelman's treatment of value and his view of epideictic rhetoric sets his approach apart from that of the ancients and of Aristotle in particular. Aristotle's division of rhetoric into three genres–forensic, deliberative, and epideictic–is largely motivated by the judgments required for each: forensic or legal arguments require verdicts on past action, deliberative or political rhetoric seeks judgment on future action, and epideictic or ceremonial rhetoric concerns values associated with praise or blame and seeks no specific decisions. For Aristotle, the epideictic genre was of limited importance in the civic realm since it did not concern facts or policies. Perelman, in contrast, believes not only that epideictic rhetoric warrants more attention, but that the values normally limited to that genre are in fact central to all argumentation. "Epideictic oratory," Perelman argues, "has significant and important argumentation for strengthening the disposition toward action by increasing adherence to the values it lauds.” These values are central to the persuasiveness of arguments in all rhetorical genres since the orator always attempts to "establish a sense of communion centered around particular values recognized by the audience.” |
Sommario
Inclusion of the Part in the Whole | |
Division of the Whole into Its Parts | |
Arguments by Comparison | |
Argumentation by Sacrifice | |
Probabilities | |
Arguments Based on the Structure of Reality 60 General Considerations | |
The Causal Link and Argumentation | |
The Pragmatic Argument | |
PART TWO THE STARTING POINT OF ARGUMENT | |
Agreement 15 The Premises of Argumentation | |
Facts and Truths | |
Presumptions | |
Values | |
Abstract Values and Concrete Values | |
Hierarchies | |
Loci 22 Loci of Quantity | |
Loci of Quality | |
Use and Systematization of Loci Classical Outlook and Romantic Outlook | |
Agreements of Certain Special Audiences | |
Agreements Particular to Each Discussion | |
Argumentation ad Hominem and Begging the Question | |
The Choice of Data and Their Adaptation for Argumentative Purposes 29 Selection of Data and Presence | |
The Interpretation of Data | |
The Interpretation of the Discourse and Its Problems | |
Choice of Qualifiers | |
On the Use of Notions | |
Clarification and Obscuration of Notions | |
Argumentative Usage and Plasticity of Notions | |
Presentation of Data and Form of the Discourse 36 Content and Form of the Discourse | |
Technical Problems in the Presentation of Data | |
Verbal Forms and Argumentation | |
Modalities in the Expression of Thought | |
Form of the Discourse and Communion with the Audience | |
Rhetorical Figures and Argumentation | |
Figures of Choice Presence and Communion | |
Status and Presentation of the Elements of the Argumentation | |
Analysis and Tautology | |
PART THREE TECHNIQUES OF ARGUMENTATION | |
General Remarks | |
QuasiLogical Arguments 45 The Characteristics of QuasiLogical Argumentation | |
Contradiction and Incompatibility | |
Procedures for Avoiding Incompatibility | |
Techniques for Presenting Theses as Compatible or Incompatible | |
The Ridiculous and Its Role in Argumentation | |
The Rule of Justice | |
Arguments of Reciprocity | |
Arguments by Transitivity | |
The Causal Link as the Relation of a Fact to Its Consequence or of a Means to Its | |
Ends and Means | |
The Argument of Waste | |
The Argument of Direction | |
Unlimited Development | |
The Person and His Acts | |
Interaction of Act and Person | |
Argument from Authority | |
Techniques of Severance and Restraint Opposed to the Act Person Interaction | |
The Speech as an Act of the Speaker | |
The Group and Its Members | |
Act and Essence | |
The Symbolic Relation | |
The Double Hierarchy Argument as Applied to Sequential Relations and Relations of Coexistence | |
Arguments Concerning Differences of Degree and of Order | |
The Relations Establishing the Structure of Reality 78 Argumentation by Example | |
Illustration | |
Model and AntiModel | |
The Perfect Being as Model | |
What Is Analogy? | |
Between the Terms of an Analogy | |
Effects of Analogy | |
How Analogy Is Used | |
The Status of Analogy | |
Metaphor | |
Dormant Metaphors or Expressions with a Metaphorical Meaning | |
The Dissociation of Concepts 89 Breaking of Connecting Links and Dissociation | |
The AppearanceReality Pair | |
Philosophical Pairs and Their Justification | |
The Role of Philosophical Pairs and Their Transformations | |
The Expression of Dissociations | |
Statements Prompting Dissociation | |
Dissociative Definitions | |
Rhetoric as a Process | |
Identity and Definition in Argumentation | |
The Interaction of Arguments 97 Interaction and Strength of Arguments | |
Assessment of the Strength of Arguments as a Factor in Argumentation | |
Interaction by Convergence | |
Amplitude of the Argumentation | |
The Dangers of Amplitude | |
Offsetting the Dangers of Amplitude | |
Order and Persuasion | |
The Order of the Speech and Conditioning of the Audience | |
Order and Method | |
CONCLUSION | |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | |
Altre edizioni - Visualizza tutto
The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation Chaïm Perelman,Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca Visualizzazione estratti - 1971 |
The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation Chaïm Perelman,Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca Visualizzazione estratti - 1969 |