Car fortissimo, quoque amisso, et ceteris exterritis, parum habiles prælio videbantur, in Syriam translatis, sextam inde ac tertiam legiones, integrum militem, et crebris ac prosperis laboribus exercitum, in Armeniam ducit: addiditque legionem quintam, quæ, per Pontum agens, expers cladis fuerat; simul quintadecimanos, recens adductos, et vexilla delectorum ex Illyrico et Ægypto, quodque alarum cohortiumque, et auxilia regum in unum conducta apud Melitenen, qua transmittere Euphraten parabat. Tum lustratum rite? exercitum ad concionem vocat, orditurque magnifica 'de auspiciis Imperatoris rebusque a se gestis, adversa in inscitiam Pæti' declinans: multa auctoritate, quæ viro militari pro facundia erat. : 27. Mox iter, L. Lucullo quondam penetratum, apertis quæ vetustas obsepserat, pergit et venientes Tiridatis Vologesisque de pace legatos haud aspernatus, adjungit iis centuriones cum mandatis non immitibus: nec enim adhuc eo ventum, ut certamine extremo opus esset. Multa Romanis secunda, quædam Parthis evenisse, documento adversus superbiam: proinde et Tiridati conducere, intactum vastationibus regnum dono accipere; et Vologesen melius societate Romana, quam damnis mutuis, genti Parthorum consulturum. Scire, quantum intus discordiarum, quamque indomitas et præferoces nationes regeret: contra Imperatori suo immotam ubique pacem, et unum id bellum esse.' Simul consilio terrorem adjicere; et Megistanas Armenios, qui primi a nobis defecerant, pellit sedibus, castella eorum exscindit: plana, edita, validos invalidosque pari metu complet. 28. Non infensum, nedum hostili odio, Corbulonis no Meg. Arm.] The Armenian nobles. Suidas says well, MeyiσTâves, οἱ τοῦ βασιλέως περίβλεπτοι ἐπεξούσιοι, Megistanes, the king's chief ministers.' Hence, when in Jonah, iii, 7. P Lustr. rite] The lustral ceremony took place, while the soldiers stood in 7, mention is made of the the open plain, crowned with laurel; king and his nobles, the LXX. transand, after victims had been offered to late it παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ παρὰ τῶν Mars, the auspicia were held, and the μeyloтávov avтoû. Omnes illos megeneral addressed his army. Livy gistanas et satrapas-oblivio alta suptreats of these lustrations in i, 28. and pressit,' Senec. Ep. xxi. They are elsewhere. מגיסטים still called by the Rabbins t men etiam barbaris habebatur, eoque consilium ejus fidum credebant. Ergo Vologeses neque atrox in summam, et quibusdam præfecturis inducias petit. Tiridates locum diemque colloquio poscit. Tempus propinquum, locus, in quo nuper obsessæ cum Pæto legiones erant, cum a barbaris delectus esset ob memoriam lætioris sibi rei, non est a Corbulone vitatus, ut dissimilitudo fortunæ gloriam augeret. Neque infamia Pæti angebatur; quod eo maxime patuit, quia filio ejus, tribuno, ducere manipulos, atque operire reliquias malæ pugnæ" imperavit. Die pacta, Tiberius Alexander, inlustris inlustris eques Romanus, minister bello datus, et Vivianus Annius, gener Corbulonis, nondum senatoria ætate, sed pro legato quintæ legioni impositus, in castra Tiridatis venere, honore ejus, ac, ne metueret insidias, tali pignore. Viceni dehinc equites adsumti: et, viso Corbulone, rex prior equo desiluit: nec cunctatus Corbulo; sed pedes uterque dextras miscuere. 29. Exin Romanus laudat juvenem,' ' omissis præcipitibus, tuta et salutaria capessentem.' Ille 'de nobilitate generis' multum præfatus, cetera temperanter adjungit: Iturum quippe Romam, laturumque novum Cæsari decus, non adversis Parthorum rebus supplicem Arsaciden.' Tum placuit Tiridaten ponere, apud effigiem Cæsaris, insigne regium, nec nisi manu Neronis resumere: et colloquium osculo finitum. Dein paucis diebus interjectis, magna utrimque specie, inde eques compositus per turmas, et insignibus patriis, hinc agmina legionum stetere, fulgentibus aquilis, signisque et simulacris Deum in modum templi. Medio tribunal sedem curulem, et sedes effigiem Neronis sustinebat; ad quam progressus Tiridates, Ind. petit] Vologeses, by no means wishing to risk a decisive contest, seeks a treaty for some of the Armenian nobles' governments, which Corbulo had struck with dismay. Locus] This was at Arsamosata: ch. 10. Perhaps between Arsamosata and Rhandea: certainly Dio, lxii, p. 710. mentions 'Pávdela. "Reliq. m. p.] To cover with earth the unburied corpses of those who had died in this unhappy engagement, as Grotius rightly explains it. T. Alexander] His father was cæsis ex more victimis, sublatum capite diadema imagini subjecit; magnis apud cunctos animorum motibus, quos augebat insita adhuc oculis exercituum Romanorum cædes aut obsidio. At nunc versos casus: iturum Tiridaten 'ostentui gentibus, quanto minus quam captivum?' 4 1.30. Addidit gloriæ Corbulo comitatem epulasque ; et rogitante rege causas, quotiens novum aliquid adverterat: ut, initia vigiliarum' per centurionem nuntiari, convivium buccina dimitti, et structam ante Augurale aram subdita face accendi: cuncta in majus attollens, admiratione prisci moris adfecit. Postero die 'spatium' oravit, 'quo tantum itineris aditurus, fratres ante matremque viseret:' obsidem interea filiam tradit, literasque supplices ad Ne ronem. d 31. Et digressus, Pacorum apud Medos, Vologesen Ecbatanis reperit, non incuriosum fratris: quippe et propriis nuntiis a Corbulone petierat, 'ne quam imaginem servitii Tiridates perferret; neu ferrum traderet, aut complexu provincias obtinentium arceretur, foribusve h a Quam capt.] All but a captive. Initia vig.] Among the Romans the night was divided into four watches by the hour-glass; and the signal of each watch was given by the sound of the trumpet. See H. ii, 29. and Veget. iii, S. Hence Lucan, v, 506. 'Jam castra silebant: Tertia jam vigiles commoverat hora secundos.' When the trumpet had sounded, the centurion went round his watch, and reported to the officer whether all was right. Bucc. dimitti] Polyb. xiv, p. 680. 'It is a custom with the Romans, for all the trumpeters and buglemen at the hour of dinner to blow their instruments near the general's tent; since that is the time when the nightwatches are appointed for their several stations.' According to Polybius, the trumpeters gave their signal before dinner but Tacitus says, that dinner was sent away by the sound of the trumpet. This difference may be explained by distinguishing the times. Formerly they dined at the twelfth hour, and then the night-watches were set: afterwards they dined at the ninth hour; and so the entertain ment might then end with the sound of the trumpet. ༔ འ། d Augurale] For this see A. ii, 13. The altar was lighted up; whether to offer to the gods the already-tasted viands, as Lipsius thinks; or to burn all night for the guards to keep watch by, as Rutgers. thinks in his VV. LL. iii, 20. is uncertain. e Adfecit] Affected the king, who was astonished at the novelty of the sight, and asked the causes of it. Vol. Ecb.] Pacorus and Vologeses were the brothers of Tiridates, as was said in ch. 14. Ecbatana, the capital of Media, was built by king Seleucus, Plin. vi, 14. or rather renewed. It is now called Hamedan, in the province of Irak Ajami. Neuf. traderet] In the presence of the Roman magistrates the sword was laid aside. Aut complexu] A native of the provinces, or of the inferior orders, could not embrace the lieutenants or the governors of the provinces. Hence in Spartian, Sever. 2. In qua [Africa] legatione cum eum quidam municipum suorum Leptitanus, præcedentibus fascibus, ut antiquum contuber eorum adsisteret: tantusque ei Romæ, quantus consulibus, honor esset.' Scilicet externæ superbiæ sueto, non inerat notitia nostri apud quos vis imperii valet, inania transmittuntur. * 32. Eodem anno Cæsar nationes Alpium maritimarum' in jus Latii transtulit. Equitum Romanorum locos sedilibus plebis" anteposuit apud Circum: namque ad eam diem indiscreti inibant, quia lex Roscia nihil, nisi de quatuordecim ordinibus, sanxit. Spectacula gladiatorum nalem ipse plebeius amplexus esset, fustibus eum sub elogio ejusdem præconis cecidit, Legatum populi Romani homo plebeius temere amplecti noli.' Ex quo factum est, ut in vehiculo etiam legati sederent, qui ante pedibus ambulabant.' i Adsisteret] The attendance at the door was long, both on account of the pride of the magistrates, and the great number of those who came to salute them to be known to the doorkeepers was considered a great thing. * Inania transm.] How Roman and yet how brief is this sentence: Non erat notitia nostri: apud quos vis imperii valet, inania transmittuntur !' Let petty kings amuse themselves with shadows: among Romans and kings of real greatness substantial power is maintained, and mere show is despised. Alp. marit.] The maritime Alps stretch from the sea to mount Viso: the people who inhabit them are stated by name in the trophy of Augustus, in Plin. iii, 20. CATVRIGES. BRIGIANI. SOGIONTII. BRODIONTII. NEMALONI. EDENATES. ESVBIANI. VEAMINI. GALLITE. TRIVLLATI. ECTINI. VERGVNNI. EGVITVRI. NEMENTVRI. ORATELLI. NERVSI. VELAVNI. SVETRI. They are believed to be what are now called Chorges, Briançon, Digne, Embrun, Miolans, Seyne, Hubaye, Barreme, Colmars, Alloz, Anot, Vergons, Guillaumes, Entraunes, Entrevaux, Vence, Bueil, the valley of Sture. For each people see Harduin, in his notes to Pliny, and in Bouche, Hist. de Provence, iii, 1. vol. i, p. 103. &c. But both are wrong in saying that this trophy is still extant at Secusium, now Suze, in Piedmont. This is widely different from that mentioned by Pliny: that is to be seen in the Cottian Alps; but this was in the Maritime Alps, where is now the town of Torbia, in the diocese of Nice, as we may learn from an excellent work, called Théâtre des Etats de S. A. R. le Duc de Savoye, vol. i, p. 72. m Sedil. pl.] The Roscian law, introduced by L. Roscius Otho, A.U.c. 685, had given 14 rows or steps in the theatre to the Roman knights to see the spectacles: but in the Circus senators, knights, and people sat undivided from one another. At length, A.U.C. 757. in the consulate of Cinna and Messala, the senators, the knights, and the people attended the games of the circus apart from each other, as we learn from Dio, lv, p. 563. but, as particular seats were not appointed for them, Claudius assigned certain seats to the senators, as we learn from Dio, lx, p. 669. and Suet. Claud. 21. Circo vero maximo marmoreis carceribus, auratisque metis, quæ utraque et tophina ac lignea ante fuerant, exculto, propria senatoribus constituit loca, promiscue spectare solitis.' The knights were still not parted off, when the euripi, with which Cæsar the dictator had surrounded the arena, Nero Princeps sustulit, equiti loca addens :' Plin. viii, 7. See also Suet. Ner. 11. Under these circumstances, any senator might still see the games with the mass of the people, but in common clothes, and not in the senator's robe: Dio, Ix, p. 669. This seems also to have been granted to the knights: but Domitian, suscepta morum correctione, licentiam theatralem promiscue in equite spectandi inhibuit,' Suet. Domit. 8. 1 1af sed idem annus habuit, pari magnificentia ac priora foeminarum inlustrium senatorumque plures per arenam foedati sunt." 33. [A.U.C. 817. J.C. 64.] C. Læcanio, M. Licinio consulibus, acriore in dies cupidine adigebatur Nero promiscuas scenas frequentandi: nam adhuc per domum aut hortos cecinerat Juvenalibus ludis, quos, ut parum celebres, et tantæ voci angustos, spernebat. Non tamen Romæ incipere ausus, Neapolim, quasi Græcam urbem, delegit: Inde initium fore, ut transgressus in Achaiam, insignesque et antiquitus sacras coronas adeptus, majore fama studia civium eliceret.' Ergo contractum oppidanorum vulgus, et quos e proximis coloniis et municipiis ejus rei fama civerat, quique Cæsarem per honorem aut varios usus sectantur, etiam militum manipuli, theatrum Neapolitanorum complent. 34. Illic, plerique ut arbitrabantur, triste, ut ipse, providum potius, et secundis numinibus, evenit : nam egresso, qui adfuerat, populo, vacuum et sine ullius noxa theatrum collapsum est. Ergo, per compositos cantus, grates Diis, atque ipsam recentis casus fortunam celebrans, petiturusque maris Adriæ trajectus,' apud Beneventum interim consedit, ubi gladiatorium munus a Vatinio celebre edebatur. Vatinius inter foedissima ejus aula ostenta fuit, sutrinæ tabernæ alumnus, corpore detorto, facetiis scurrilibus: primo in contumelias ad n Foedati sunt] Disgracefully so: since not only knights, but senators also and women of high rank, descended into the arena, and fought like gladiators. This unheard-of freedom of action is strongly censured by Dio, lxi, p. 697. and particularly so by Juvenal, vi, 245. &c. viii, 194. Suetonius says in few words, Ner. 12. 'Exhibuit [Nero] ad ferrum [gladiatorium] etiam quadringentos senatores, sexcentosque equites Romanos, et quosdam fortunæ atque existimationis integræ, ex iisdem ordinibus confectores quoque ferarum, et varia arenæ ministeria." Similar in after-time was the madness of Domitian. Suet. Domit. 4. Nec virorum modo pugnas, sed et fœminarum commisit.' • M. Lic. coss.] C. Læcanius Bassus and M. Licinius Crassus were |