h

k

miseratione: quia pulsi a Chaucis, et sedis inopes, tutum exilium orabant. Aderatque iis clarus per illas gentes, et nobis quoque fidus, nomine Boiocalus, 'vinctum se rebellione Cherusca, jussu Arminii,' referens; mox Tiberio et Germanico ducibus, stipendia meruisse ; et quinquaginta annorum obsequio id quoque adjungere, quod gentem suam ditioni nostræ subjiceret. Quotam partem campi jacere, in quam pecora et armenta militum aliquando transmitterentur? Servarent sane receptos gregibus, inter hominum famam; modo ne vastitatem et solitudinem mallent, quam amicos populos. Chamavorum quondam ea arva, mox Tubantum, et post Usipiorum fuisse. Sicuti coelum Diis, ita terras generi mortalium datas: quæque vacua," eas publicas esse.' Solem deinde respiciens, et cetera sidera vocans, quasi coram interrogabat, vellentne contueri inane solum? potius mare superfunderent adversus terrarum ereptores.'

m

56. Et, commotus his Avitus, 'patienda meliorum imperia. Id Diis, quos implorarent, placitum, ut arbitrium penes Romanos maneret, quid darent, quid adimerent; neque alios judices, quam seipsos paterentur.' Hæc in publicum Ansibariis respondit; ipsi Boiocalo, ob memoriam amicitiæ daturum agros: quod ille, ut proditionis pretium, aspernatus, addidit, Deesse nobis terra,

from Cæsar, B. G. iv, 4. whence
Spener, Notit. Germ. Antiq. p. 245,
thinks that Menapiorum should be
read for Chamavorum. So also Cluver
conjectured Sugambrorum in the place
of Tubantum. But amidst so many
and so great changes of tribes and
people little certain can be determined.
For the Usipetes, or the Usipii, see A,
i, 51. and Germ. 32, 33.

* Quæque vacuæ] But those lands
were not vacuæ,' which served for
feeding the cattle and flocks of the
soldiers, as is justly observed by Gro-
tius de Jur. Bell. et Pac. ii, 2, n. 17.
The Romans had a right to refuse
them.

Placitum] So Virg. Æn. vi, 851. 'Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento; Hæ tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem, Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos.'

in qua vivamus; in qua moriamur, non potest:' atque ita, infensis utrimque animis, discessum. Illi Bructeros, Tencteros, ulteriores etiam nationes, socias bello vocabant. Avitus, scripto ad Curtilium Manciam,' superioris exercitus legatum, ut Rhenum transgressus, arma a tergo ostenderet;' ipse legiones in agrum Tencterum induxit, excidium minitans, nisi causam suam dissociarent. Igitur absistentibus his, pari metu exterriti Bructeri; et ceteris quoque aliena pericula deserentibus, sola Ansibariorum gens retro ad Usipios et Tubantes' concessit: quorum terris exacti, cum Cattos, dein Cheruscos petissent, errore longo, hospites, egeni, hostes, in alieno, quod juventutis erat, cæduntur: imbellis ætas in prædam divisa est.

57. Eadem æstate, inter Hermunduros Cattosque certatum magno prælio, dum flumen,' gignendo sale foecundum, et conterminum, vi trahunt; super libidinem cuncta armis agendi, religione insita, eos maxime locos propinquare coelo, precesque mortalium a Deis nusquam propius audiri. Inde indulgentia numinum, illo in amne, illisque sylvis," salem provenire, non, ut alias apud gentes, eluvie maris arescente, sed unda super ardentem arborum struem fusa, ex contrariis inter se elementis, igne atque aquis concretum.' Sed bellum, Hermunduris prosperum, Cattis exitiosius fuit, quia victores diversam aciem Marti ac Mercurio '"

sacravere, quo voto equi,

dunt-Quercus optima, ut quæ per se cinere sincero vim salis reddat: alibi corylus laudatur: ita infuso liquore salso carbo etiam in salem vertitur. Quicumque ligno confit sal, niger est.' Varro also, de R. R. i, 7. In Gallia transalpina, intus ad Rhenum cum exercitum ducerem, aliquot regiones accessi, ubi nec vitis, nec olea, nec poma nascerentur; ubi agros stercorarent candida fossicia creta; ubi salem, nec fossicium, nec maritimum haberent, sed ex quibusdam lignis combustis, carboribus salsis pro eo uterentur.'

Marti ac Mercurio] Many of the German inscriptions bear witness to the worship of these gods. But more of them in G. 9.

2

viri, cuncta victa occidioni dantur: et minæ quidem hostiles in ipsos vertebant. Sed civitas Jubonum, socia nobis, malo improviso adflicta est: nam ignes, terra editi, villas, arva, vicos, passim corripiebant, ferebanturque in ipsa conditæ nuper coloniæ moenia: neque extingui poterant; non si imbres caderent, non fluvialibus aquis, aut quo alio humore: donec inopia remedii, et ira cladis, agrestes quidam eminus saxa jacere, dein, residentibus flammis, propius suggressi, ictu fustium, aliisque verberibus, ut feras absterrebant: postremo tegmina corpori derepta injiciunt, quanto magis profana, et usu polluta, tanto magis oppressura ignes.

58. Eodem anno Ruminalem arborem in comitio, quæ

* Civitas Juhonum] That the Juhones lived between Radantia, Redniz, and Monus, the Mein; and that the colony of Norimberga, Nuremberg, or Forchemium, Forcheim, had been recently established, is thought by Eccard de Germ. Orig. p. 343. as also that the name of Juhones is extant in the fortification of Giech and in the neighboring mountain of Gickel. On the contrary, Alting, Notit. Germ. Antiq. p. 83, and Spener, Notit. Germ. Antiq. p. 215, say that there was no such city, colony, or people, as the Juhones; but that for Juhonum we should read Ubiorum, a colony of whom we saw in A. xii, 27, had been recently established. Certainly the name of Juhones is very dubious; for in Mss. Flor. Agr. and Guelf. Harl. Jes. it is Vibonum. In Ms. Reg. and the ed. princeps Jubionum. In Ms. Bodl. Jubonum. Puteolanus first edited Juhonum. Ryck proposed, badly, Æduorum: and they are not more happy in their conjecture, who have put the Juhones among the Frisii.

y Ignes-editi] That such fires existed formerly in the isle of Lemnos, and in his own age in the territory of Evreux, is stated by Huet. They more frequently and more recently blazed forth in the Tarvisine territory, commonly called by the Italians Marca Trivigiana, in the years 1706, 1717,

1724, 1754.

* Ruminalem arborem] The fig-tree, called Ruminalis, because the ancients called the teatrumam' or 'rumin.' The Comitium was a part of the Roman forum. The whole circumstance is related at large by Plin. xv, 18. 'Colitur ficus arbor in foro ipso ac Comitio Romæ nata, sacra fulguribus ibi conditis; magisque ob memoriam ejus, quæ nutrix fuit Romuli ac Remi conditoris appellata; quoniam sub ea inventa est lupa infantibus præbens rumen, (ita vocabant mammam :) miraculo ex ære juxta dicato, tamquam in comitium sponte transisset, Atto Navio augure. Illic arescit: rursusque cura sacerdotum seritur. Fuit et ante Saturni ædem, Urbis anno 260. sublata, sacro a Vestalibus facto, cum Silvani simulacrum subverteret.' It appears from the words of Pliny, that, while the old tree was drying up, others were planted; and that the name of Ruminalis or Romularis was always preserved to the tree. Its trunk is celebrated by Ovid, Fast. ii, 408. Arbor erat; remanent vestigia; quæque vocatur Rumana nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat.' It was transferred from Germalus to the Comitium by the augur Navius, and not spontaneously. Of Germalus and the Ruminalis Ficus, see Varro, de L. L. iv, p. 16. Liv. i, 4. x, 23.

a

octingentos et quadraginta ante annos Remi Romulique infantiam texerat, mortuis ramalibus et arescente trunco deminutam, prodigii loco habitum est, donec in novos foetus reviresceret.

a Octingentos-annos] Either, according to Tacitus, Romulus and Remus were 28 years old when they built the city; or the copyists made a mistake in the numbers, and wrote

quadraginta for triginta. Other writers state that Romulus and Remus built the city in the 18th year of their age.

ANNALE S.

LIBER DECIMUS QUARTUS.

CHAP. 1. Nero's passion for Poppæa, and his hatred of Agrippina his mother, more violent than ever; Agrippina tries to regain his affections, but in vain; Nero approves of a scheme to drown her in the sea; a ship constructed for the purpose; Agrippina escapes from the wreck; Nero enraged sends Anicetus, the commander of the fleet at Misenum, to murder her-11. Nero's letter to the senate justifying the murder; supplications decreed to the gods; Pætus Thrasea goes out of the senate full of indignation-13. Nero rushes into every excess; he drives chariots, plays on the flute, and compels men of family to appear on the stage; he exhibits in public, and turns poet-17. A dreadful fray between the inhabitants of Nuceria and Pompeium-18. Complaints preferred to the senate by the Cyrenians; death of Domitius Afer and Marcus Servilius, two famous orators; their characters-20. Quinquennial games established by Nero; observations on that institution-22. A comet portends a change of government; Rubellius Plautus driven into banishment-23. The wise and gallant conduct of Corbulo in Armenia; he takes Artaxata, and afterwards Tigranocerta, and places Tigranes on the throne of Armenia-27. Laodicea, a city in Asia, destroyed by an earthquake; imprudent and impolitic management of the Roman government in regard to the colonies-28. The election of pretors settled by the prince-29. A general insurrection in Britain; Suetonius Paulinus sent to command the army; he takes the isle of Mona (now Anglesey), and destroys the religious groves; during his absence in those parts a general massacre of the Romans; the province almost lost, but recovered by Suetonius, who defeats Boadicea with prodigious slaughter40. The governor, or prefect of Rome, murdered by one of his slaves; debates in the senate about the punishment of all slaves in the house at the time of a murder committed on the master-46. Tarquitius Priscus condemned; death of Memmius Regulus; his character; Nero dedicates a school for athletic exercises; the law of majesty revived; Antistius the pretor prosecuted for a satirical poem on the emperor; the senate willing to inflict a capital punishment; Pætus Thrasea opposes the motion; the majority vote on his side-51. Burrus dies universally lamented-52. Attempts against Seneca; his enemies undermine him with the prince; his interview with Nero; his speech, and the prince's answer-57. Tigellinus in high favor; by his advice Sylla murdered at Marseilles, and Plautus in Asia-60. Nero repudiates his wife Octavia, and marries Pop