Polymer PhysicsSpringer Science & Business Media, 31 mag 1995 - 298 pagine This book is the result of my teaching efforts during the last ten years at the Royal Institute of Technology. The purpose is to present the subject of polymer physics for undergraduate and graduate students, to focus the fundamental aspects of the subject and to show the link between experiments and theory. The intention is not to present a compilation of the currently available literature on the subject. Very few reference citations have thus been made. Each chapter has essentially the same structure: starling with an introduction, continuing with the actual subject, summarizing the chapter in 30D-500 words, and finally presenting problems and a list of relevant references for the reader. The solutions to the problems presented in Chapters 1-12 are given in Chapter 13. The theme of the book is essentially polymer science, with the exclusion of that part dealing directly with chemical reactions. The fundamentals in polymer science, including some basic polymer chemistry, are presented as an introduction in the first chapter. The next eight chapters deal with different phenomena (processes) and states of polymers. The last three chapters were written with the intention of making the reader think practically about polymer physics. How can a certain type of problem be solved? What kinds of experiment should be conducted? This book would never have been written without the help of my friend and adviser, Dr Anthony Bristow, who has spent many hours reading through the manuscript. criticizing the content. |
Sommario
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE | 1 |
12 CONFIGURATIONS STATES | 2 |
13 HOMOPOLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS | 5 |
14 MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE | 6 |
17 POLYMERIZATION | 12 |
18 THERMAL TRANSITIONS AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURES | 13 |
19 POLYMER MATERIALS | 15 |
111 SUMMARY | 18 |
75 METHODS OF ASSESSING SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE | 155 |
76 DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY | 157 |
77 RELAXATION PROCESSES IN SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS | 162 |
78 SUMMARY | 164 |
79 EXERCISES | 165 |
710 REFERENCES | 166 |
711 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING | 167 |
CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS | 169 |
CHAIN CONFORMATIONS IN POLYMERS | 19 |
22 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS OF CHAIN MOLECULES | 21 |
23 CHARACTERISTIC DIMENSIONS OF RANDOM COIL POLYMERS | 23 |
AVERAGE ENDTOEND DISTANCE FOR AN ENSEMBLE OF STATISTICAL CHAINS | 24 |
25 RANDOMFLIGHT ANALYSIS | 33 |
26 CHAINS WITH PREFERRED CONFORMATION | 35 |
27 SUMMARY | 36 |
28 EXERCISES | 37 |
29 REFERENCES | 38 |
THE RUBBER ELASTIC STATE | 39 |
ENERGETIC AND ENTROPIC ELASTIC FORCES | 41 |
33 THE STATISTICAL MECHANICAL THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY | 44 |
34 SWELLING OF RUBBERS IN SOLVENTS | 48 |
36 SMALLANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING DATA | 51 |
39 EXERCISES | 52 |
310 REFERENCES | 53 |
POLYMER SOLUTIONS | 55 |
43 THE FLORYHUGGINS THEORY | 58 |
44 CONCENTRATION REGIMES IN POLYMER SOLUTIONS | 65 |
45 THE SOLUBILITY PARAMETER CONCEPT | 66 |
46 EQUATIONOFSTATE THEORIES | 68 |
47 POLYMERPOLYMER BLENDS | 70 |
48 SUMMARY | 73 |
49 EXERCISES | 74 |
410 REFERENCES | 75 |
THE GLASSY AMORPHOUS STATE | 77 |
52 THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE | 78 |
53 NONEQUILIBRIUM FEATURES OF GLASSY POLYMERS AND PHYSICAL AGEING | 82 |
54 THEORIES FOR THE GLASS TRANSITION | 87 |
55 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF GLASSY AMORPHOUS POLYMERS | 89 |
56 STRUCTURE OF GLASSY AMORPHOUS POLYMERS | 95 |
57 SUMMARY | 96 |
58 EXERCISES | 97 |
510 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING | 98 |
THE MOLTEN STATE | 99 |
63 MEASUREMENT OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN POLYMERS | 104 |
64 FLEXIBLECHAIN POLYMERS | 105 |
65 LIQUIDCRYSTALLINE POLYMERS | 109 |
66 SUMMARY | 127 |
67 EXERCISES | 128 |
68 REFERENCES | 129 |
CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS | 131 |
72 THE CRYSTAL LAMELLA | 137 |
73 CRYSTALS GROWN FROM THE MELT AND THE CRYSTAL LAMELLA STACK | 147 |
74 SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE | 151 |
82 THE EQUILIBRIUM MELTING TEMPERATURE | 171 |
83 THE GENERAL AVRAMI EQUATION | 175 |
84 GROWTH THEORIES | 178 |
85 MOLECULAR FRACTIONATION | 189 |
86 ORIENTATIONINDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION | 194 |
87 SUMMARY | 195 |
88 EXERCISES | 197 |
89 REFERENCES | 198 |
CHAIN ORIENTATION | 199 |
93 METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF UNIAXIAL CHAIN ORIENTATION | 203 |
94 METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF BIAXIAL CHAIN ORIENTATION | 208 |
96 PROPERTIES OF ORIENTED POLYMERS | 211 |
97 SUMMARY | 214 |
98 EXERCISES | 215 |
99 REFERENCES | 216 |
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS | 217 |
102 THERMOANALYTICAL METHODS | 218 |
103 THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF POLYMERS | 226 |
104 SUMMARY | 234 |
106 REFERENCES | 236 |
107 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING | 237 |
MICROSCOPY OF POLYMERS | 239 |
112 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY OM | 241 |
113 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY | 244 |
114 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR MICROSCOPY | 247 |
115 APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER MICROSCOPY | 252 |
116 SUMMARY | 256 |
118 REFERENCES | 257 |
SPECTROSCOPY AND SCATTERING OF POLYMERS | 259 |
122 SPECTROSCOPY | 260 |
123 SCATTERING AND DIFFRACTION METHODS | 269 |
273 | |
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS GIVEN IN EXERCISES | 275 |
CHAPTER 3 | 278 |
CHAPTER 4 | 279 |
CHAPTER 5 | 281 |
CHAPTER 6 | 282 |
CHAPTER 7 | 283 |
CHAPTER 8 | 286 |
CHAPTER 9 | 287 |
CHAPTER 10 | 289 |
CHAPTER 11 | 291 |
292 | |
293 | |
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amorphous component amorphous polymers angle atactic atoms Avrami birefringence blends bonds chain axis chain orientation chain segments Chapter conformation constant copolymers crosslinks crystal lamellae crystal thickness crystallization temperature deformation density dielectric Drawn after data elastic electron end-to-end distance enthalpy entropy equation experimental Figure Flory Flory-Huggins theory fold surface fraction free energy free volume glass transition temperature groups growth heat high molar mass increasing interaction isotactic isotropic lamellae lattice linear polyethylene liquid liquid-crystalline liquid-crystalline polymers low molar mass melting point mesogenic methods microscopy miscibility modulus molar mass distribution molecular n₂ nematic nucleation obtained optical parameter phase planes polarized polyethylene polymer molecules polymerization polypropylene polystyrene ratio refractive index repeating unit rubber sample scattering Schematic semicrystalline semicrystalline polymers shear rate shown in Fig shows single crystals small-angle smectic solution solvent specimen spectroscopy spherulites stress structure theory thermal torsion values vector viscosity X-ray diffraction