Gallicorum nomine insignem locum fecere. Indutiae de- 4 inde cum Romanis factae et conloquia permissu imperatorum habita; in quibus cum identidem Galli famem obicerent eaque necessitate ad deditionem vocarent, dicitur avertendae eius opinionis causa multis locis panis de Capitolio iactatus esse in hostium stationes. Sed iam 5 neque dissimulari neque ferri ultra fames poterat. Itaque dum dictator dilectum per se Ardeae habet, magistrum equitum L. Valerium a Veis adducere exercitum iubet, parat instruitque quibus haud inpar adoriatur hostes, in- 6 terim Capitolinus exercitus stationibus, vigiliis fessus superatis tamen humanis omnibus malis cum famem unam natura vinci non sineret, diem de die prospectans, ecquod auxilium ab dictatore adpareret, postremo spe quoque iam, non solum cibo, deficiente et, cum stationes procederent,

Livy says that the busta Gallica were in the middle of the city; more definite information than this is not given. Huelsen places them in the Forum Boarium.

4. famem: i.e. of the Romans. 5. dum: the force of the conjunction is maintained through parat instruitque. The asyndeton may be compared with that between cum clauses; see on 3, 52, 5. -per se: in person. — parat. . hostes: makes such preparations and arrangements as will enable him to attack the enemy on equal terms. quibus is neuter.

6. stationibus, vigiliis: watching by day and night. statio is usually a word of general meaning, applied to a guard of any kind. Asyndeton between two words is

not uncommon in Livy; cf. 39, 40, 10. - tamen: there is some rhetorical confusion here; the concession that justifies tamen is contained in fessus, but superatis

.. malis is itself a concession for the following clause, which therefore calls for a second tamen. In general it may be said that this is not a good example of Livy's ability to say much in a single sentence. The mind inevitably becomes fatigued with the multiplicity of ideas presented.

7. spe.. cibo: cf. § 2 cineremque... modo, and for this use of quoque cf. 9, 38, 12 qui sua quoque eum, non publica solum auctoritate moverent. cum. procederent: since guard duty was continuous. vel dedi. . . iussit:

7

prope obruentibus infirmum corpus armis vel dedi vel redimi se quacumque pactione possent iussit, iactantibus non obscure Gallis haud magna mercede se adduci posse ut 8 obsidionem relinquant. Tum senatus habitus tribunisque militum negotium datum, ut paciscerentur. Inde inter Q. Sulpicium tribunum militum et Brennum, regulum Gallorum, conloquio transacta res est et mille pondo auri 9 pretium populi gentibus mox imperaturi factum. Rei foedissimae per se adiecta indignitas est; pondera ab Gallis adlata iniqua, et tribuno recusante additus ab insolente Gallo ponderi gladius auditaque intoleranda Romanis vox: vae victis.

I

49. Sed diique et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Romanos. Nam forte quadam, priusquam infanda merces perficeretur, per altercationem nondum omni auro adpenso, dictator intervenit auferrique aurum de medio et Gallos 2 submoveri iubet. Cum illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese, negat eam pactionem ratam esse quae, postquam ipse dictator creatus esset, iniussu suo ab inferioris iuris magis

i.e. they ordered their commanders either to surrender or to buy off the Gauls on whatever basis they could.

8. pondo: an old abl., meaning literally by weight. It came to be used with numerals as an indeclinable noun, meaning pounds. The present value of this amount of gold would be about $225,000. Varro, quoted by Nonius, p. 228, gave the amount as 2000 pounds, but Pliny 33, 14 explains that this was a mistake.

9. per se connect with foedissimae. indignitas: insult.

49. 1. diique et homines: see

on Praef. 13.- redemptos: pred. adjective. — forte quadam: see on I, 4, 4. dictator: other writers do not mention the intervention of Camillus; Livy himself, in fact, in 10, 16, 6 and 22, 59, 7 speaks as if the transaction had been completed. If Livy's story here is correct, we must assume that Camillus took advantage of the truce to enter the city, and that, during the same interval, the Roman forces established themselves on the lower ground (see § 4).

2. ratam: valid. — ab. . . magistratu: see 5, 48, 8.

tratu facta esset, denuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium expediant. Suos in acervum conicere sarcinas et arma 3 aptare ferroque, non auro, recuperare patriam iubet, in conspectu habentes fana deum et coniuges et liberos et solum patriae deforme belli malis et omnia, quae defendi repetique et ulcisci fas sit. Instruit deinde aciem, ut loci natura 4 patiebatur, in semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali, et omnia quae arte belli secunda suis eligi praepararive poterant providit. Galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt iraque 5 magis quam consilio in Romanos incurrunt. Iam verterat fortuna, iam deorum opes humanaque consilia rem Romanam adiuvabant. Igitur primo concursu haud maiore momento fusi Galli sunt quam ad Aliam vicerant. Iustiore 6 altero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem Gabina via, quo se ex fuga contulerant, eiusdem ductu auspicioque Camilli vincuntur. Ibi caedes omnia obtinuit; castra capiuntur, et ne nuntius quidem cladis relictus. Dictator recuperata ex 7 hostibus patria triumphans in urbem redit, interque iocos militares, quos inconditos iaciunt, Romulus ac parens patriae

conditorque alter urbis haud vanis laudibus appellabatur. 8 Servatam deinde bello patriam iterum in pace haud dubie servavit, cum prohibuit migrari Veios, et tribunis rem intentius agentibus post incensam urbem et per se inclinata 9 magis plebe ad id consilium. Eaque causa fuit non abdicandae post triumphum dictaturae, senatu obsecrante ne rem publicam in incerto relinqueret statu.

B.C.

BOOK VI

The Licinio-Sextian Laws

I 35. Occasio videbatur rerum novandarum propter in377 gentem vim aeris alieni, cuius levamen mali plebes nisi 2 suis in summo imperio locatis nullum speraret: accingendum ad eam cogitationem esse; conando agendoque iam eo gradum fecisse plebeios, unde, si porro adnitantur, per

venire ad summa et patribus aequari tam honore quam virtute possent. In praesentia tribunos plebis fieri placuit, 3 quo in magistratu sibimet ipsi viam ad ceteros honores aperirent. Creatique tribuni C. Licinius et L. Sextius pro- 4 mulgavere leges omnes adversus opes patriciorum et pro commodis plebis: unam de aere alieno, ut deducto eo de capite quod usuris pernumeratum esset, id quod superesset triennio aequis pensionibus persolveretur; alteram 5 de modo agrorum, ne quis plus quingenta iugera agri possideret; tertiam, ne tribunorum militum comitia fierent, consulumque utique alter ex plebe crearetur: cuncta in

each year the senate should determine whether two consuls or six military tribunes with consular power should be elected; if the latter, they might be plebeians. But, although consular tribunes were often elected, the senate managed almost always to prevent the election of plebeians. Only in a few cases did the plebeians contrive to elect a majority from their own order. — plebeios: the use of this noun instead of plebs is rare. -virtute: character.

3. praesentia: sc. tempora.. quo = quorum. ipsi: the ple

beians.

4. leges: these were proposed in the comitia tributa (see on § 7), but required the sanction of the senate before they went into effect. It was not until 286 B.C. that the Hortensian Law removed the necessity of this sanction. omnes: to be closely connected in translation with the following words.