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senatus consul: "Auxilio vos, Campani, dignos censet 2 senatus; sed ita vobiscum amicitiam institui par est, ne qua vetustior amicitia ac societas violetur. Samnites nobiscum foedere iuncti sunt; itaque arma, deos prius quam homines violatura, adversus Samnites vobis negamus; legatos, sicut ius fasque est, ad socios atque amicos preca- 3 tum mittemus ne qua vobis vis fiat."

Ad ea princeps legationis sic enim domo mandatum attulerant: "quando quidem" inquit "nostra tueri adversus vim atque iniuriam iusta vi non vultis, vestra certe defendetis; itaque populum Ċampanum urbemque Capuam, 4 agros, delubra deum, divina humanaque omnia in vestram, patres conscripti, populique Romani dicionem dedimus, quidquid deinde patiemur, dediticii vestri passuri." Sub 5 haec dicta omnes, manus ad consules tendentes, pleni lacrimarum in vestibulo curiae procubuerunt. Conmoti 6 patres vice fortunarum humanarum, si ille praepotens opibus populus, luxuria superbiaque clarus, a quo paulo ante auxilium finitimi petissent, adeo infractos gereret animos ut se ipse suaque omnia potestatis alienae faceret. Tum 7 iam fides agi visa deditos non prodi; nec facturum aequa Samnitium populum censebant, si agrum urbemque per deditionem factam populi Romani oppugnarent. Legatos

mum (most important) ratus sacra publica... facere. Cf. the meaning of vetustior in § 2.

2. deos... violatura: i.e. they would violate not only the Samnites but, what was more serious, the oaths sworn in the name of the gods.

5. sub: in such phrases sub means just before, as in 5, 39, 7, or

just after, as here. - vestibulo: see on 5, 41, 8.- curiae: see on 2, 23, II.

6. conmoti: sc. sunt. - vice : change; for a different meaning see on 1, 25, 6.—si: see on 2, 28,

2.

7. tum iam besides now; sc. the proposal of the Campanians having been accepted. — fides agi

8 itaque extemplo mitti ad Samnites placuit. Data mandata, ut preces Campanorum, responsum senatus amicitiae Samnitium memor, deditionem postremo factam Samnitibus 9 exponerent; peterent pro societate amicitiaque ut dediticiis suis parcerent neque in eum agrum qui populi Romani fac10 tus esset hostilia arma inferrent; si leniter agendo parum proficerent, denuntiarent Samnitibus populi Romani senatusque verbis ut Capua urbe Campanoque agro abstinerent. I Haec legatis agentibus in concilio Samnitium adeo est ferociter responsum ut non solum gesturos se esse dicerent id bellum, sed magistratus eorum e curia egressi stantibus legatis praefectos cohortium vocarent iisque clara voce 12 imperarent ut praedatum in agrum Campanum extemplo proficiscerentur.

BOOK IX

Battle of the Caudine Pass

II. Sequitur hunc annum nobilis clade Romana Caudina 2 pax, T. Veturio Calvino, Sp. Postumio consulibus. Samnites eo anno imperatorem C. Pontium, Herenni filium,

B C.

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habuerunt, patre longe prudentissimo natum, primum ipsum bellatorem ducemque. Is, ubi legati qui ad deden- 3 das res missi erant pace infecta redierunt, “ne nihil actum inquit "hac legatione censeatis, expiatum est quidquid ex foedere rupto irarum in nos caelestium fuit. Satis scio, 4 quibuscumque dis cordi fuit subigi nos ad necessitatem dedendi res quae ab nobis ex foedere repetitae fuerant, iis non fuisse cordi tam superbe ab Romanis foederis expiationem spretam. Quid enim ultra fieri ad placandos deos 5 mitigandosque homines potuit quam quod nos fecimus? Res hostium in praeda captas, quae belli iure nostrae videbantur, remisimus; auctores belli, quia vivos non 6

1. 1. nobilis famous; cf. 22, 7, I. - pax: it was guaranteed by the consuls and other officers in order to save their army (see 9, 5, 4); but it was not ratified by the senate, and there was therefore, strictly speaking, no peace.

2. C. Pontium: the name is of course Latinized; the Oscan form was Gavios Pompties. Herenni : a praenomen; in 23, 43, 9 it is a nomen. - primum: of the first rank.

3. legati: after an overwhelming defeat in the preceding year, the Samnites had sent envoys to Rome to offer restitution (ad dedendas res); the Romans had accepted the prisoners and such articles of plunder as were identified by their owners, but refused to entertain proposals of peace.

ne..

censeatis: a parenthetical clause of purpose; see on 1, 28, 5 teneat.- foedere: the one made

at the end of the First Samnite
War in 341, which, according to
Livy, had been violated by the
Samnites in 327. - irarum: see on
I, 7, 2.

4. dis the gods were witnesses (cf. § 7 arbitris) of the treaty and exacted restitution from those who violated it. cordi fuit: it was pleasing; a peculiar use of the predicate dative; cf. the use of frugi as an indeclinable adjective, and for a full discussion of such datives see Roby's Latin Grammar, Part 2, Preface, p. xxv ff. - repetitiae fuerant: by the gods; the Romans had made no demands. For the form of the verb see on I, 2, I.

5. in praeda: as plunder; cf. the similar use of in beneficio; e.g. 4, 7, 9 tribuni quoque plebi certamen sine effectu in beneficio apud primores patrum reliquere. 6. auctores: according to Livy

potuimus, perfunctos iam fato dedidimus; bona eorum, ne quid ex contagione noxae remaneret penes nos, Romam 7 portavimus. Quid ultra tibi, Romane, quid foederi, quid dis arbitris foederis debeo? Quem tibi tuarum irarum, quem meorum suppliciorum iudicem feram? Neminem 8 neque populum neque privatum fugio. Quod si nihil cum potentiore iuris humani relinquitur inopi, at ego ad deos vindices intolerandae superbiae confugiam et precabor ut 9 iras suas vertant in eos quibus non suae redditae res, non alienae adcumulatae satis sint; quorum saevitiam non mors noxiorum, non deditio exanimatorum corporum, non bona sequentia domini deditionem exsatient; qui placari nequeant, nisi hauriendum sanguinem laniandaque viscera Io nostra praebuerimus. Iustum est bellum, Samnites, quibus necessarium, et pia arma quibus nulla nisi in armis relinquiII tur spes. Proinde, cum rerum humanarum maximum momentum sit, quam propitiis rem, quam adversis agant dis,

10

8, 39, 12 ff. only one man, Brutulus
Papius, was named as the instiga-
tor of the war, and the Samnites
decided to surrender him to the
Romans; he, however, committed
suicide, and they delivered his
body, together with his property.
In this passage Livy has in mind
another tradition, the one followed
by Appian, that several authors
of the war were named and their
bodies surrendered.-1
.—noxae : guilt;
connect with both quid and con-
tagione.

7. arbitris: the word means more than witnesses. The gods were judges, who determined whether or not the conditions

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