ficiunt. Ego contra hoc quoque laboris praemium petam, 5 ut me a conspectu malorum, quae nostra tot per annos vidit aetas, tantisper certe, dum prisca illa tota mente repeto, avertam, omnis expers curae, quae scribentis animum etsi non flectere a vero, sollicitum tamen efficere posset.

Quae ante conditam condendamve urbem, poeticis magis 6 decora fabulis quam incorruptis rerum gestarum monumentis, traduntur, ea nec adfirmare nec refellere in animo est. Datur haec venia antiquitati, ut miscendo humana divinis 7 primordia urbium augustiora faciat; et si cui populo licere oportet consecrare origines suas et ad deos referre auctores, ea belli gloria est populo Romano, ut, cum suum conditorisque sui parentem Martem potissimum ferat, tam et hoc gentes humanae patiantur aequo animo, quam imperium patiuntur. Sed haec et his similia, utcumque animadversa 8 aut existimata erunt, haud in magno equidem ponam dis

choice might have been made.
Livy's attitude toward the history
of this period is clearly shown in
this passage.
It is evident that
many things which he states as
facts in the early part of his his-
tory, he does not himself believe.

8. his with similis and dissimilis Livy uses only the dat. of words denoting things (except in the phrase veri similis), the gen. or dat. of words denoting persons. animadversa: noted. existimata : considered. haud

discrimine: I shall not treat as matters of critical moment at any rate; the expression does not occur elsewhere, but is analogous with in incerto ponere, in aequo ponere etc.; the meaning

9 crimine; ad illa mihi pro se quisque acriter intendat animum, quae vita, qui mores fuerint, per quos viros quibusque artibus domi militiaeque et partum et auctum imperium sit; labente deinde paulatim disciplina velut desidentis primo mores sequatur animo, deinde ut magis magisque lapsi sint, tum ire coeperint praecipites, donec ad haec tempora, quibus nec vitia nostra nec remedia pati 10 possumus, perventum est. Hoc illud est praecipue in cognitione rerum salubre ac frugiferum, omnis te exempli documenta in inlustri posita monumento intueri; inde tibi tuaeque rei publicae quod imitere capias, inde foedum inI ceptu, foedum exitu, quod vites. Ceterum aut me amor negoti suscepti fallit aut nulla umquam res publica nec

of discrimen is similar to that in Verg. Aen. 10, 108 nullo discrimine habebo.

9. mihi: ethical dative; the passage may be translated, let every one follow my advice and observe carefully etc.; cf. 24, 38, 7 tum mihi undique clamore sublato turbam invadite.-disciplina : moral discipline. desidentis: the figure, which is continued in lapsi sint and ire praecipites, is from a falling building.. sequatur: with three objects, — the acc. mores and the two indirect questions, ut lapsi sint and ut соереrint; for the thought cf. 7, 2, 13. - remedia: there was some opposition to the reforms of Augustus.

...

10. cognitione rerum: the study of history. - te . . . intueri : the use of the 2d person in an indefinite sense, so thoroughly illus

trated in this passage, is like the English idiom. This te is especially noteworthy, for the subject of an infinitive, if indefinite, is regularly omitted; Lane, 2212. — omnis exempli documenta: instructive instances of every sort; exemplum, according to its etymology a sample, is used ordinarily of a thing to be imitated or avoided, precedent or warning; cf. 1, 28, II. - in . . . monumento: on a monument that all may see. — inde foedum. . . vites: from capias supply a suitable verb, e.g. intellegas.

a

maior nec sanctior nec bonis exemplis ditior fuit, nec in quam civitatem tam serae avaritia luxuriaque inmigraverint, nec ubi tantus ac tam diu paupertati ac parsimoniae honos fuerit; adeo quanto rerum minus, tanto minus cupiditatis erat. Nuper divitiae avaritiam et abundantes voluptates de- 12 siderium per luxum atque libidinem pereundi perdendique omnia invexere. Sed querellae, ne tum quidem gratae futurae, cum forsitan necessariae erunt, ab initio certe tantae ordiendae rei absint; cum bonis potius ominibus votisque 13 et precationibus deorum dearumque, si, ut poetis, nobis quoque mos esset, libentius inciperemus, ut orsis tantum operis successus prosperos darent.

lacrimas nec
animum. in
quam civitatem: for civitas in
quam; the antecedent, which
would naturally be in the same
construction as res publica, has
been taken into the relative clause
and made to agree in case with
the relative pronoun; cf. I, 1, 3 in
quem locum.
serae: Livy often
uses an adjective where earlier
prose writers would have used an
adverb; cf. 1, 4, 6 mitem; I, 7, I
priori; 1, 16, 2 sublimem.
- adeo :
here in the sense of immo, in
fact.

12. nuper: in 39, 6, 7, where Livy is speaking of the campaign of Cn. Manlius Volso in Asia, in 187, he says, luxuriae peregrinae origo ab exercitu Asiatico invecta in urbem est. Here, however, he is thinking of the general corruption of recent times, the be

ginning of which Sallust, Cat. II, 6, ascribes to the return of Sulla's

army from Asia. luxum atque

libidinem: the combination of two
words beginning with the same
letter is very common in Livy; so,
pereundi perdendique; cf. 22, 3,
IO; 22, 7, 6. luxum seems to be
the "condition", as distinguished
from luxuria in § 11, which is the
"tendency" (Seeley). libidinem
includes excesses of every sort.
erunt: for the rare indic. with for-
sitan cf. 21, 40, II.
ab initio
rei: pleonasm is not uncom-
mon in Livy; see on 22, 5, 7.

13. votisque et precationibus: the two nouns are in apposition with ominibus; que and et are correlatives, as in 5, 49, 1 ; 21, 30, 2. orsis: sc. nobis; tantum operis is its object. successus prosperos: as in 22, 3, 4.

I

Book I

Aencas in Italy. Alba Longa. The Founding of Rome.

1. Iam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos; duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti iure hospiti et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerunt, omne ius belli Achivos 2 abstinuisse. Casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Enetum, qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi et sedes et ducem rege Pylaemene ad Troiam amisso quaerebant,

Book I. 1-73. References: Dion. Hal. 1, 45; 53-88. Verg. Aen. 7, 37 ff. Plut. Romulus, 2

12.

Niebuhr, 1, 179-240. Lewis, On the Credibility of Early Roman History, 1, 298-405. Ihne, I, 327. Mommsen, 1, 38-71. Seeley, in the introduction to his edition of Livy, Bk. I.

1. I. iam primum omnium: this marks a transition from the preface to the history and calls attention to the exact point at which the writer proposes to begin; cf. 9, 17, 5. This use of iam may be compared with our colloquial "now" or "well." Livy has made no effort to begin his work in formal fashion. constat: indicating, as elsewhere, a tradition rather than a historical certainty. duobus: dat. with abstinuisse; the construction, common enough with other verbs denoting separation, does not occur elsewhere in classical Latin

with abstineo; see, however, on 5, 47, 4 quibus.- vetusti . . . hospiti: not based upon any statement of the Iliad. - pacis fuerunt: the Iliad makes this assertion only of Antenor; 7, 350 ff. According to Verg. Aen. I, 242 ff., Antenor founded Patavium, Livy's birthplace, a fact which explains, perhaps, his conspicuous position here at the beginning of the history. fuerunt: Livy often uses the perf. where the plup. is expected, especially in relative clauses and clauses with ubi, ut, etc.; he thus makes the statement from his own point of view without reference to another verb; cf. 1, 25, 8 pugnatum

venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici sinum, Euganeisque, 3 qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant, pulsis Enetos Troianosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primum egressi sunt locum Troia vocatur, pagoque inde Troiano nomen est; gens universa Veneti appellati. Aeneam ab simili 4 clade domo profugum, sed ad maiora rerum initia ducentibus fatis, primo in Macedoniam venisse, inde in Siciliam quaerentem sedes delatum, ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse. Troia et huic loco nomen est. Ibi egressi 5

3. in quem locum : see on Praef. 11 in quam civitatem. Troiano: this, according to Livy's general usage, is a pred. adj. attracted from the nom. into the dat. to agree with pago; cf. 1, 4, 7 Faustulo; 3, 48, 5 novis. — universa: Trojans and Eneti together.

- Veneti: probably an Illyrian race, identified with the Paphlagonian Eneti only on account of the similarity of names. appellati : for the agreement with the pred. nom. cf. 22, 45, 7 facta.

4. Aeneam . . . venisse: the acc. and inf. construction with constat is resumed, in spite of the interruption of et in quem appellati. - ab simili clade : as Antenor had been driven from Paphlagonia, so Aeneas, though spared, was forced to leave Troy; Dion. Hal. 1, 47. The words indicate both the cause of his exile (cf. 30, 20, 8) and the time when it began; cf. 40, 56, 7; this use of ab is rarely found before Livy. — profugum fatis: cf. Verg.

Aen. 1, 2; for this combination of an abl. abs. with an adj. modifier cf. 45, 7, 5. maiora rerum initia: greater undertakings; if it is assumed that rerum initia presents a single idea, the agreement of maiora with initia, instead of with rerum, is natural; see, however, for a similar peculiarity of agreement, 1, 4, 4 iusti; 22, 7, 5 coacervatorum. - in Macedoniam : he was said to have founded the town of Aenea on the Thermaic Gulf.

Laurentem agrum: Laurentum was about five miles south of the mouth of the Tiber. According to Verg. Aen. 7, 30 Aeneas landed close by the mouth of the river. — tenuisse: cursum may be supplied, but no object is necessary. The English verb to hold is sometimes used intransitively in a similar

sense.

5. Troia: not attracted, as usual, into the dative; see on § 3 Troiano. The exact location of the place, though it evidently existed in Livy's time (est), is un