spe erat, aut deficientibus animis hauriebantur gurgitibus aut nequiquam fessi vada retro aegerrime repetebant atque ibi ab ingressis aquam hostium equitibus passim trucidabantur. Sex milia ferme primi agminis per adversos hostes 8 eruptione inpigre facta, ignari omnium quae post se agerentur e saltu evasere, et cum in tumulo quodam constitissent, clamorem modo ac sonum armorum audientes, quae fortuna pugnae esset neque scire nec perspicere prae caligine poterant. Inclinata denique re cum incalescente sole 9 dispulsa nebula aperuisset diem, tum liquida iam luce montes campique perditas res stratamque ostendere foede Romanam aciem. Itaque, ne in conspectos procul inmit- 10 teretur eques, sublatis raptim signis quam citatissimo poterant agmine sese abripuerunt. Postero die, cum super I

cetera extrema fames etiam instaret, fidem dante Maharbale, qui cum omnibus equestribus copiis nocte consecutus erat, si arma tradidissent, abire cum singulis vestimentis passurum, sese

also Livy uses the inf. instead of the more common ut clause; e.g. 21, 41, 9 dare pactus est.

7. inmensa impossible; literally, unlimited. The lake is eight to fourteen miles wide and about thirty miles in circuit. There are, however, two islands only a little more than a mile from the battle-field. animis : courage, not breath; the plural of anima is apparently not used in that

sense.

8. primi agminis: those marching in front. - agerentur: for the subj. see on 3, 36, 8.. - saltu: the narrow passage on the east between

dediderunt; quae Punica 12

the hills and the lake, above which the light-armed troops had been

stationed.

9. inclinata ... re: the battle having been decided. dispulsa nebula see on 21, I, 5 Sicilia ...

amissae.

10. in conspectos in se, si conspecti essent; cf. 22, 3, 7 quieto.

II. super cetera: see on 21, 46, I. - Maharbale: one of Hannibal's most distinguished officers, mentioned in 21, 45, 2 and 22, 46, 7. — cum singulis vestimentis : with only their tunics, as in 9, 4, 3; App. Hann. 10 uses the word γυμνούς.

religione servata fides ab Hannibale est, atque in vincula omnes coniecti.

I 7. Haec est nobilis ad Trasumennum pugna atque inter 2 paucas memorata populi Romani clades. Quindecim milia Romanorum in acie caesa; decem milia sparsa fuga per 3 omnem Etruriam diversis itineribus urbem petiere; duo milia quingenti hostium in acie, multi postea [utrimque] ex vulneribus periere. Multiplex caedes utrimque facta 4 traditur ab aliis; ego, praeterquam quod nihil auctum ex vano velim, quo nimis inclinant ferme scribentium animi, Fabium, aequalem temporibus huiusce belli, potissimum 5 auctorem habui. Hannibal captivorum qui Latini nominis

12. religione: for the meaning see on 21, 4, 9; Punica fides is the usual phrase, but here fides follows immediately in a different sense. According to Polyb. 3, 85, 2 Hannibal maintained that Maharbal had no authority to make such a promise. omnes: see, however, 22, 7, 5.

7. 1. nobilis for the meaning cf. 9, I, I. - inter paucas: Livy does not mean that there have been few disasters, but that few have been comparable with this; see on 30, 30, 23.- - memorata: memorable; see on 24, 34, 9 intacti.

2. quindecim milia: Polyb. 3. 84, 9 ff. says that 15,000 were killed in the valley, and that others, caught in the very entrance of the pass, perished while trying to escape; App. Hann. 10 gives a total of 20,000. Polybius mentions 15,000 Roman prisoners, Livy only the 6000 of 22, 6, 7.

3. duo milia quingenti: Polyb. 3, 85, 5 says that Hannibal's loss was 1500, mostly Gauls. - multiplex: much greater.

4. ex vano: without reason; see on I, 25, 9 ex insperato and cf. 33, 31, 4 nec tota ex vano criminatio erat. - scribentium: not appreciably different from scriptores, but emphasizing the specific act rather than the man's permanent occupation; see Praef. 5. — Fabium: see Introd. 3. - temporibus: connect with aequalem, not with auctorem; he is quoting Fabius only on the question of loss. - potissimum : most reliable; Livy was the first prose writer to use this word of persons.

5. captivorum: depending upon eis, the antecedent of qui; cf. 2, 23, 13 patrum. - Latini nominis : see on 9, 19, 2. — sine pretio dimissis: Hannibal was eager to win the support of Rome's allies. Ac

essent sine pretio dimissis, Romanis in vincula datis, segregata ex hostium coacervatorum cumulis corpora suorum cum sepeliri iussisset, Flamini quoque corpus funeris causa magna cum cura inquisitum non invenit.

Romae ad primum nuntium cladis eius cum ingenti ter- 6 rore ac tumultu concursus in forum populi est factus. Matronae vagae per vias, quae repens clades adlata quaeve 7 fortuna exercitus esset, obvios percunctantur. Et cum frequentis contionis modo turba in comitium et curiam versa magistratus vocaret, tandem haud multo ante solis occa- 8 sum M. Pomponius praetor "Pugna" inquit "magna victi sumus." Et quamquam nihil certius ex eo auditum est,

cum: for the position see on 21, 34, 4.-Flamini . . . invenit: the sentence is compressed, quoque referring to funeris . inquisitum,

...

not to invenit; the full form would have been Flamini quoque inquiri iussit, sed non invenit. This action of Hannibal is somewhat inconsistent with 21, 4, 9. Polybius does not mention it. For a similar treatment of a defeated enemy see 25, 31, 10.

6. ad: for the meaning cf. § 13 and see on 1, 25, 6. — nuntium: the distance from Lake Trasumennus to Rome is about one hundred miles, and it is possible that the news arrived on the day after the

battle. terrore ac tumultu: see on Praef. 12.

7. matronae: as usual in describing such scenes, Livy emphasizes especially the fear of the women; see on I, 29, 5.-repens: used several times by Livy, always in the nom. sing., for the more common repentinus. — obvios: for this rare substantive use cf. § II and 21, 46, 2. contionis modo: cf. 2, 23, 5. Polyb. 3, 85, 7 and Plut. Fab. 3 say that the magistrates called a meeting. — magistratus: they were in the senate-house ; cf. the similar scene in 27, 50, 9. 8. tandem . occasum after their long suspense the time of the announcement would intensify its effect upon the anxious crowd.

praetor: he was praetor peregrinus.-pugna. victi sumus: the announcement as given by Plut. Fab. 3 was more explicit, νενικήμεθα μεγάλῃ μάχῃ καὶ διέ

tamen alius ab alio inpleti rumoribus domos referunt con9 sulem cum magna parte copiarum caesum, superesse paucos aut fuga passim per Etruriam sparsos aut captos ab Io hoste. Quot casus exercitus victi fuerant, tot in curas distracti animi eorum erant quorum propinqui sub C. Flaminio consule meruerant, ignorantium quae cuiusque suorum fortuna esset; nec quisquam satis certum habet quid aut I speret aut timeat. Postero ac deinceps aliquot diebus ad portas maior prope mulierum quam virorum multitudo stetit aut suorum aliquem aut nuntios de iis opperiens; circumfundebanturque obviis sciscitantes neque avelli, utique ab notis, priusquam ordine omnia inquisissent, pote12 rant. Inde varios vultus digredientium ab nuntiis cerneres, ut cuique laeta aut tristia nuntiabantur, gratulantisque aut consolantis redeuntibus domos circumfusos. Feminarum 13 praecipue et gaudia insignia erant et luctus. Vnam in ipsa porta sospiti filio repente oblatam in conplexu eius expirasse ferunt; alteram, cui mors fili falso nuntiata erat, maestam sedentem domi ad primum conspectum redeuntis 14 fili gaudio nimio exanimatam. Senatum praetores per dies

aliquot ab orto usque ad occidentem solem in curia retinent consultantes, quonam duce aut quibus copiis resisti victoribus Poenis posset.

Battle of Cannae

216

B.C.

44. Consules satis exploratis itineribus sequentes Poe- I num, ut ventum ad Cannas est et in conspectu Poenum habebant, bina castra communiunt eodem ferme intervallo quo ad Gereonium, sicut ante copiis divisis. Aufidus amnis 2