victi mori in vestigio mallent quam fugere, victores morantibus victoriam irati trucidarent quos pellere non poterant. 5 Pepulerunt tamen iam paucos superantis et labore ac vulneribus fessos. Inde dissipati omnes sunt equosque ad 6 fugam qui poterant repetebant. Cn. Lentulus tribunus militum cum praetervehens equo sedentem in saxo cruore 7 oppletum consulem vidisset, "L. Aemili," inquit "quem unum insontem culpae cladis hodiernae dei respicere debent, cape hunc equum, dum et tibi virium aliquid super8 est et comes ego te tollere possum ac protegere. Ne funestam hanc pugnam morte consulis feceris; etiam sine 9 hoc lacrimarum satis luctusque est." Ad ea consul: "Tu quidem, Cn. Corneli, macte virtute esto; sed cave frustra miserando exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi 10 absumas. Abi, nuntia publice patribus urbem Romanam muniant ac, priusquam victor hostis advenit, praesidiis fir

35, 12. mallent . . trucidarent for the asyndeton see on 3, 52, 5. — fugere . . . pellere: they were evidently not entirely inclosed in the rear; see on 22, 47, 8.

5. equos: which had been held by servants or by some of their own number. It should be noted that Livy is not describing here the end of the infantry battle which he left unfinished in chap. 47. He confines his attention to the cavalry force with Paulus, leaving the reader to assume that the infantry were either killed or scattered.

6. praetervehens: with the force of the middle voice. Livy elsewhere uses praeveho in this

ment; privatim Q. Fabio L. Aemilium praeceptorum eius memorem et vixisse adhuc et mori. Me in hac strage 11 militum meorum patere expirare, ne aut reus iterum e consulatu sim aut accusator collegae existam, ut alieno crimine innocentiam meam protegam." Haec eos agentis 12 prius turba fugientium civium, deinde hostes oppressere; consulem ignorantes, quis esset, obruere telis, Lentulum inter tumultum abripuit equus. Tum undique effuse fugiunt. Septem milia hominum in minora castra, decem 13 in maiora, duo ferme in vicum ipsum Cannas perfugerunt, qui extemplo a Carthalone atque equitibus, nullo munimento tegente vicum, circumventi sunt. Consul alter, seu 14 forte seu consilio nulli fugientium insertus agmini, cum quinquaginta fere equitibus Venusiam perfugit. Quad- 15 raginta quinque milia quingenti pedites, duo milia septingenti equites, et tantadem prope civium sociorumque pars,

14. quinquaginta fere: in 25, 6, 13 and in Polyb. 3, 117, 2, seventy is the number. - Venusiam: about thirty miles southwest of Cannae.

15. quadraginta . . . equites: the total number of killed given by ancient writers varies from 43,500 (Eutrop. 3, 10; 40,000 infantry, 3500 cavalry) to 70,000 (Polyb. 3, 117, 4). Plutarch and Appian (and Livy, 22, 59, 5 and elsewhere), speaking in round numbers, give 50,000; Quint. 8, 6, 26, gives 60,000. Cf. 27, 49, 6 for the Carthaginian loss at the Battle of the Metaurus River. tantadem: a rare word except in the neut. sing. used as a substantive; not found elsewhere in Livy.

16 caesi dicuntur; in his ambo consulum quaestores, L. Atilius et L. Furius Bibaculus, et undetriginta tribuni militum, consulares quidam praetoriique et aedilicii — inter eos Cn. Servilium Geminum et M. Minucium numerant, qui magister equitum priore anno, aliquot annis ante consul fuerat 17 —, octoginta praeterea aut senatores aut qui eos magistratus gessissent, unde in senatum legi deberent, cum sua 18 voluntate milites in legionibus facti essent. Capta eo proelio tria milia peditum et equites mille et quingenti dicuntur.

I 50. Haec est pugna Cannensis, Aliensi cladi nobilitate 2 par, ceterum uti eis quae post pugnam accidere levior, quia ab hoste est cessatum, sic strage exercitus gravior foedior3 que. Fuga namque ad Aliam sicut urbem prodidit, ita exercitum servavit; ad Cannas fugientem consulem vix quinquaginta secuti sunt, alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit.

16. quaestores: for their duties see on 9, 5, 4. undetriginta : there were in all 48, six for each of the eight legions; for their position see on 9, 2, 15. consulares . . . aedilicii: in app. with tribuni. - consul: in 221.

deberent:

17. octoginta Eutrop. 3, 10, making no distinction between the military tribunes and those who were serving as private soldiers, gives the following statement: (perierunt) consulares aut praetorii xx, senatores capti aut occisi xxx, nobiles viri CCC. The periocha of this book says that 90 senators perished, and 30 who had been consuls, praetors, or aediles. eos magis

tratus: consulship, praetorship, and curule aedileship; just when the plebeian aedile became eligible to the senate is doubtful. The appointment of senators was at this time in the hands of the censors, under certain restrictions prescribed by law.

50. 1. haec est pugna: cf. 22, 7, I. - nobilitate: see on 9, I, I nobilis.

2. uti . . . sic: though... yet; cf. 21, 29, 4,

3. namque: for the position see on 3, 44, 6. exercitum servavit : see 5, 38, 9. fugientem: Appian 23 ἔφευγον ἀκόσμως, πρῶτοι μὲν οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ, καὶ ὁ Τερέντιος αὐτοῖς ἐξῆρχε τῆς φυγῆς.

BOOK XXIV

Siege of Syracuse

B.C.

33. Inde terra marique simul coeptae oppugnari Syra- 9 cusae, terra ab Hexapylo, mari ab Achradina, cuius murus 214 fluctu adluitur. Et quia, sicut Leontinos terrore ac primo impetu ceperant, non diffidebant vastam disiectamque spatio urbem parte aliqua se invasuros, omnem apparatum oppugnandarum urbium muris admoverunt.

Frontin. Strat. 4, 5, 6 Varro collega eius vel maiore constantia post eandem cladem vixit gratiaeque ei a senatu et populo actae sunt, quod non desperasset rem publicam. Non autem vitae cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae tempore adprobavit ; et barbam capillumque submisit et postea numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a populo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus esse.

Book XXIV. 339-34. Book XXV. 31. References: Polyb. 8, 5-9; 37. Plut. Marcellus, 14–19. Ihne, 2, 299-313. Mommsen, 2, 309-313. Arnold, Second Punic War, 205-209; 216-231.

33. 9. coeptae: see on 2, I, 4. - oppugnari: Hiero, king of Syracuse, the lifelong friend of Rome (see on 21, 1, 5), died in 216 and was succeeded by his grandson, Hieronymus, who allied himself with Carthage. On this account

Marcellus, consul in 214, went at the end of that year or, possibly, at the beginning of the next to besiege the city. Marcellus himself commanded the fleet, the propraetor, Appius Claudius, the land forces (Polyb. 8, 5, 2). — ab Hexapylo: i.e. the gate of that name, located on the northern side of the city, was the center of operations; for the use of ab see on I, 24, 2.

Achradina: the wide promontory, which, with the little peninsula of Ortygia, constituted the eastern part of the city.

murus

adluitur: the coast line of Achradina is rocky and precipitous, but it was still further protected by a wall. Leontinos: about twenty miles northwest of Syracuse. The capture of the town is described in the preceding chapters. — vastam

spatio of great size and widely separated in its parts; in 25, 24, 6 Livy says of Syracuse, in vastae magnitudinis urbe partium sensu non satis pertinente in omnia. For the language cf. 24, 2,

I 34. Et habuisset tanto impetu coepta res fortunam, nisi 2 unus homo Syracusis ea tempestate fuisset. Archimedes is erat, unicus spectator caeli siderumque, mirabilior tamen inventor ac machinator bellicorum tormentorum operumque, quibus quidquid hostes ingenti mole agerent ipse per3 levi momento ludificaretur. Muros per inaequalis ductos colles, pleraque alta et difficilia aditu, submissa quaedam et quae planis vallibus adiri possent, ut cuique aptum visum est loco, ita genere omni tormentorum instruxit. 4 Achradinae murum, qui, ut ante dictum est, mari adlui5 tur, sexaginta quinqueremibus Marcellus oppugnabat. Ex ceteris navibus sagittarii funditoresque et velites etiam, quorum telum ad remittendum inhabile imperitis est, vix quemquam sine vulnere consistere in muro patiebantur.

9 in vasta urbe lateque moenibus disiectis.—invasuros: would force themselves in; the verb often has this idea of hostile invasion.

34. 1. et: and in fact; for a similarly pregnant use of et, where the meaning is, however, somewhat different, see 2, 28, 8; in such cases the verb usually follows the conjunction immediately. fortunam success; cf. 27, 49. 4. - tempestate = tempore; see on I, 5, 2.

2. Archimedes: cf. 2, 10, 2 pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset, Horatius Cocles. unicus: cf. § 13 and see on 3, 33, 8. machinator: constructor. mole: effort; contrasted with perlevi momento. momento: see on 5, 49, 5.

3. pleraque: sc. loca; in app.

with colles; for pleraque = the greater number, the majority, cf. 21, 35, 4.- planis vallibus: on level ground. This was true of only the extreme western part of the town and the narrow space between Achradina and the peninsula of Ortygia. At all other points the city was naturally protected.

5. ceteris : some; contrasted with aliae in § 6. ceterae and aliae are included in sexaginta quinqueremes. According to Polyb. 8, 6, 2 there were sixty vessels carrying light-armed troops and eight besides joined in pairs.— velites: armed with light javelins. - etiam: emphasizing the surprising fact that they were fighting by sea. - inhabile: cf. 22, 46, 5

habiles.