Troiani, ut quibus ab inmenso prope errore nihil praeter arma et naves superesset, cum praedam ex agris agerent, Latinus rex Aboriginesque, qui tum ea tenebant loca, ad arcendam vim advenarum armati ex urbe atque agris con6 currunt. Duplex inde fama est: alii proelio victum Latinum pacem cum Aenea, deinde adfinitatem iunxisse tradunt; 7 alii, cum instructae acies constitissent, priusquam signa canerent, processisse Latinum inter primores ducemque advenarum evocasse ad conloquium; percunctatum deinde, qui mortales essent, unde aut quo casu profecti domo quidve 8 quaerentes in agrum Laurentem exissent, postquam audierit multitudinem Troianos esse, ducem Aeneam, filium Anchisae et Veneris, cremata patria domo profugos sedem condendaeque urbi locum quaerere, et nobilitatem admiratum gentis virique et animum vel bello vel paci paratum, dextra 9 data, fidem futurae amicitiae sanxisse. Inde foedus ictum inter duces, inter exercitus salutationem factam; Aeneam apud Latinum fuisse in hospitio. Ibi Latinum apud penates deos domesticum publico adiunxisse foedus, filia Aeneae in matrimonium data. Ea res utique Troianis spem adfirmat 10 tandem stabili certaque sede finiendi erroris. Oppidum con- 11 dunt; Aeneas ab nomine uxoris Lavinium appellat. Brevi stirpis quoque virilis ex novo matrimonio fuit, cui Ascanium parentes dixere nomen. 2. Bello deinde Aborigines Troianique petiti. Turnus, I rex Rutulorum, cui pacta Lavinia ante adventum Aeneae fuerat, praelatum sibi advenam aegre patiens, simul Aeneae Latinoque bellum intulerat. Neutra acies laeta ex eo certa- 2 mine abiit; victi Rutuli, victores Aborigines Troianique ducem Latinum amisere. Inde Turnus Rutulique diffisi rebus 3 ad florentes opes Etruscorum Mezentiumque, regem eorum, confugiunt, qui Caere, opulento tum oppido, imperitans, iam inde ab initio minime laetus novae origine urbis, et tum coepisse. — data: contemporaneous with adiunxisse; see on 21, 1, 5 inposito. 11. Lavinium: about fourteen miles south of Rome, not far from the coast; always an important religious center. stirpis: old nom. sing. in place of the usual form stirps; cf. 26, 13, 16. —cui: this must be explained as a dat. of ind. obj., due to the fact that dixere nomen is equivalent to dedere nodicere meaning to name is not uncommon, but dicere nomen is very rare; Verg. Aen. 3, 693 nomen dixere priores Ortygiam. men. 2. 1. Rutulorum: adjoining the Laurentian territory on the south. - pacta . . . fuerat: passive forms with fui, etc., which are common nimio plus quam satis tutum esset accolis rem Troianam crescere ratus, haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis iunxit. 4 Aeneas, adversus tanti belli terrorem ut animos Aboriginum sibi conciliaret nec sub eodem iure solum sed etiam nomine 5 omnes essent, Latinos utramque gentem appellavit. Nec deinde Aborigines Troianis studio ac fide erga regem Aeneam cessere. Fretusque his animis coalescentium in dies magis duorum populorum,Aeneas, quamquam tanta opibus Etruria erat, ut iam non terras solum sed mare etiam per totam Italiae longitudinem ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum fama nominis sui inplesset, tamen, cum moenibus bellum 6 propulsare posset, in aciem copias eduxit. Secundum inde proelium Latinis, Aeneae etiam ultimum operum mortalium fuit. Situs est, quemcumque eum dici ius cf. 1, 5, 5. nimio multo, as in 39, 40, 9; cf. 30, 30, 27 nimis. gravatim a very rare substitute for gravate.—socia: rarely used as an adj. in prose before Livy. = 4. nec . . . solum et non solum, the ut being carried over from the preceding clause; cf. 2, 32, 10; 3, 44, 5.-Latinos: see Verg. Aen. 12, 190 f. and 821 ff. 5. fretusque the conjunction means and so, as often in Livy. ut iam . inplesset: 5, 33, 7 Tuscorum ante Romanum imperium late terra marique opes patuere. Mari supero inferoque, quibus Italia insulae modo cingitur, quantum potuerint, nomina sunt argumento. cum concessive. moenibus: mental ablative. posset: 6. secundum: though this is the second battle, the meaning is evidently successful (cf. 26, 10, 9), and the contrast is emphasized by the chiastic arrangement. — situs est the common expression on tombstones, lies buried. Dion. I, 64 says the body was never found. quemcumque: the superstitious Romans, with their scrupulous observance of religious forms, were exceedingly careful to apply to a divinity his proper name, or, if he had several, the one most appropriate to the occasion. Here, Livy hesitates to call him Aeneas, because he has been deified under another name, and, on the other hand, he cannot use the words situs est, of Jupiter Indiges. super on the bank of; cf. 21, 45, I insuper. - Numicum: another form, less commonly used, is fasque est, super Numicum fluvium; Iovem Indigetem appellant. 3. Nondum maturus imperio Ascanius, Aeneae filius, 1 erat; tamen id imperium ei ad puberem aetatem incolume mansit. Tantisper tutela muliebri, tanta indoles in Lavinia erat, res Latina et regnum avitum paternumque puero stetit. Haud ambigam - quis enim rem tam veterem pro 2 certo adfirmet? - hicine fuerit Ascanius, an maior quam hic, Creusa matre Ilio incolumi natus comesque inde paternae fugae, quem Iulum eundem Iulia gens auctorem nominis sui nuncupat. Is Ascanius, ubicumque et quacum- 3 que matre genitus - certe natum Aenea constat - abun Numicius. It is a small stream, flowing into the Mediterranean between Ardea and Lavinium. Indigetem: probably derived from indu, an old form of in, and gen, the root of gigno. The name was applied especially to deified mortals. Dion. 1, 64 says a pov was erected to Aeneas with the inscription, Πατρὸς Θεοῦ Χθονίου, ὅς ποταμοῦ Νομικίου ῥεῦμα διέπει, which would indicate that Aeneas was indentified with the river god. Ovid, Met. 14, 596–608. 3. 1. indoles properly a colorless word, but here used in the sense of virtus; cf. 9, 6, 12. So ingenium sometimes has a special meaning which does not properly belong to it; e.g. Cic. Fam. 13, 10, 2 versabatur in hoc studio . . . cum ingenio. res Latina: the Latin state; cf. 1, 6, 3 Albana re. avitum referring to Latinus. stetit: Livy often uses a sing. verb with two subjects; cf. 21, 40, 3; 33, 32, 5. 2. haud ambigam: I shall not discuss. certo: the neuter of the adjective used substantively; cf. 9, 11, 4 pro infecto; see on Praef. 3 in obscuro. In general, Livy is very free in the use of adjectives as substantives. hicine hi-ce-ne, the e of the intensive ce being weakened to i; Lane, 662, 663. — maior = maior natu, the noun being rarely added by Livy, if the context makes the meaning clear; cf. 30, 37, 6. — quem Iulum eundem: the same one whom as Iulus; see on Praef. 11 in quam civitatem. The question is whether the successor of Aeneas was Ascanius, the son of Lavinia, or another Ascanius, called also Iulus, the son of Creusa; Verg. Aen. 1, 267 f. 4 dante Lavini multitudine florentem iam, ut tum res erant, atque opulentam urbem matri seu novercae reliquit, novam ipse aliam sub Albano monte condidit, quae ab situ porrectae in dorso urbis Longa Alba appellata. Inter Lavinium et Albam Longam coloniam deductam triginta ferme interfuere anni. Tantum tamen opes creverant, maxime fusis Etruscis, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae nec deinde inter muliebrem tutelam rudimentumque primum puerilis regni movere arma aut Mezentius Etruscique aut 5 ulli alii accolae ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, finis 3. ut erant: according to the standard of that time; cf. 5, sub: the town 41, I; 21, 34, I. was built on the northern slope (dorsum) of the mountain, below the highest summit. Albano monte: the modern Monte Cavo, about thirteen miles southeast of Rome, on the edge of the Roman Campagna. - urbis : for the repetition of the noun cf. § 9 and see on Praef. 4 originibus; after quae the use of the noun is conspicuously harsh. Longa Alba: the name was Alba Longa, but Longa is here placed first for emphasis, as it is the word which is being explained; so in 1, 12, 6 Statori Iovi. — appellata: Livy often omits the auxiliary in both independent and subordinate clauses. - tri genitive, was not common before 5. Albula: Verg. Aen. 8, 332. Tiberim: Serv. ad Aen. 8, 72. Tiberim alii a rege Aboriginum dictum volunt, qui iuxta dimicans interemptus est, alii ab eo rege quem Glaucus, Minois filius, in Italia interemit, alii, inter quos et Livius, ab Albano rege, qui in eum |