efficit. Totius circuitum domus ita custodiis conplexi 7 sunt ut nemo inde elabi posset. Hannibal, postquam est nuntiatum milites regios in vestibulo esse, postico, quod devium maxime atque occultissimi exitus erat, fugere cona8 tus, ut id quoque occursu militum obsaeptum sensit et omnia circa clausa custodiis dispositis esse, venenum quod multo ante praeparatum ad tales habebat casus, poposcit. "Liberemus" inquit "diuturna cura populum Romanum, Io quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent. Nec magnam nec memorabilem ex inermi proditoque Flamininus victoriam feret. Mores quidem populi Romani quan■ tum mutaverint, vel hic dies argumento erit. Horum patres Pyrrho regi, hosti armato, exercitum in Italia habenti, ut a veneno caveret praedixerunt; hi legatum consularem, qui auctor esset Prusiae per scelus occidendi 12 hospitis, miserunt." Execratus deinde in caput regnumque Prusiae, et hospitales deos violatae ab eo fidei testes invocans, poculum exhausit. Hic vitae exitus fuit Hannibalis.

sent: for the plural following populum see on 2, 28, 9.

11. patres praedixerunt : Periocha, Bk. XIII, cum C. Fabricio consuli is qui ad eum a Pyrrho transfugerat polliceretur venenum se regi daturum, cum indicio ad regem remissus est: according to Valerius Antias in Gell. 3, 8, 5, the senate sent envoys to Pyrrhus with the information. — hi . miserunt: cf. §§ 2, 3; according to Plut. 21, Flamininus was acting entirely upon his own responsibility in this matter and was very generally censured when it was reported at Rome.

Book XL

Death of Philip, King of Macedonia

179

B.C.

I

54. Eodem anno Philippus rex Macedonum, senio et maerore consumptus post mortem fili, decessit. Deme- 2 triade hibernabat, cum desiderio anxius fili, tum paenitentia crudelitatis suae. Stimulabat animum et alter filius 3 haud dubie et sua et aliorum opinione rex, conversique in eum omnium oculi, et destituta senectus, aliis exspectantibus suam mortem, aliis ne exspectantibus quidem. Quo magis angebatur, et cum eo Antigonus, Echecratis 4 filius, nomen patrui Antigoni ferens, qui tutor Philippi tains; cf. the meaning of ango, e.g. in § 4.

12. execratus caput: cf. 30, 20, 7, and for caput = life see on 3, 48, 5.-hospitales deos: especially Zeus έévɩos. — hic . . . exitus: Plutarch gives also other traditions as to the manner of his death.

Book XL. 54-571. References: Justin, 32, 2-3. Ihne, 3, 193–195. Mommsen, 2, 488-489.

54. 1. post mortem fili: connect only with maerore. Philip had himself ordered the execution of his younger son, Demetrius, being persuaded by his other son, Perseus, that Demetrius was plotting against his father's life. He was overwhelmed with remorse on discovering that he had been deceived.

2. Demetriade: Demetrias, in eastern Thessaly.—anxius: troubled; without the reference to the future which the word often con

3. alter filius . . . rex: the first of the three subjects of stimulabat; the fact that his other son (Perseus) was regarded as king; rex takes the place of the usual participle in this construction, as in conversi . . . oculi; see on 21, 1, 5 angebant. — conversique: note the correlatives et . -que... et, the second member being thus closely connected with and subordinated to the first.- eum: Perseus. suam referring to the logical subject of the sentence, Philip, while sua, just before, refers to filius.

4. quo . . . angebatur: i.e. this added to the bitterness of his sorrow over the death of his son. tutor: guardian; Philip was only eight years old at the death of his father, Demetrius, in 229. Antig

fuerat, regiae vir maiestatis, nobili etiam pugna adversus 5 Cleomenem Lacedaemonium clarus. Tutorem eum Graeci,

ut cognomine a ceteris regibus distinguerent, appellarunt. 6 Huius fratris filius Antigonus ex honoratis Philippi amicis unus incorruptus permanserat; eique ea fides nequaquam 7 amicum Persea inimicissimum fecerat. Is prospiciens animo quanto cum periculo suo hereditas regni ventura esset ad Persea, ut primum labare animum regis et inge8 miscere interdum fili desiderio sensit, nunc praebendo aures, nunc lacessendo etiam mentionem rei temere actae, saepe querenti querens et ipse aderat. Et cum multa, ut adsolet, veritas praeberet vestigia sui, omni ope adiuva9 bat quo maturius omnia emanarent. Suspecti ut ministri facinoris Apelles maxime et Philocles erant, qui Romam legati fuerant litterasque exitiales Demetrio sub nomine Flaminini attulerant.

onus was appointed his guardian, but soon married the widow of Demetrius and ruled in his own right. At his death in 220 Philip, though only seventeen years old, became king. - nobili: for the meaning cf. 9, I, I. pugna: the battle of Sellasia, near Sparta, in which Antigonus, supporting the Achaean League, defeated Cleo

menes.

5. tutorem: pred. acc.; the Greek name was 'EmíтроTоs. According to Plut. Aemil. 8, the surname was Δώσων; according to Suidas, Εὐεργέτης and Σωτήρ. ceteris of the same name.

7. ingemiscere: sc. eum.

8. rei temere actae: the execution of Demetrius; see on § 1. —

19 veritatem laborare nimis saepe aiunt, extingui numquam. emanarent: he did not wish to give information himself, but was anxious that the king should discover as soon as possible the treachery of Perseus.

9. Apelles ... Philocles: they had been sent to Rome by Philip in 181, to get evidence regarding the correspondence which Perseus asserted his brother had been carrying on with Flamininus. Being in the service of Perseus, they returned with evidence against Demetrius, especially a forged letter from Flamininus. - Romam: for

55. Falsas esse et a scriba vitiatas signumque adul- 1 terinum vulgo in regia fremebant. Ceterum cum suspecta 2 magis quam manifesta esset res, forte Xychus obvius fit Antigono, conprehensusque ab eo in regiam est perductus. Relicto eo custodibus Antigonus ad Philippum processit. "Multis" inquit "sermonibus intellexisse videor 3 magno te aestimaturum, si scire vera omnia possis de filiis tuis, uter ab utro petitus fraude et insidiis esset. Homo unus omnium, qui nodum huius erroris exsol- 4 vere possit, in potestate tua est Xychus. Forte oblatum perductumque in regiam, vocari iube." Adductus primo 5 ita negare inconstanter, ut parvo metu admoto paratum indicem esse adpareret. Conspectum tortoris verberumque non sustinuit ordinemque omnem facinoris legatorum ministerique sui exposuit. Extemplo missi qui legatos 6 conprehenderent, Philoclem, qui praesens erat, oppresserunt; Apelles missus ad Chaeream quendam persequendum, indicio Xychi audito, in Italiam traiecit. De Philocle 7 nihil certi vulgatum est; alii primo audaciter negantem, postquam in conspectum adductus sit Xychus, non ultra tetendisse, alii tormenta etiam infitiantem perpessum ad

8 firmant. Philippo redintegratus est luctus geminatusque; et infelicitatem suam in liberis graviorem, quod alter superesset, quam quod alter perisset, censebat.

I 56. Perseus certior factus omnia detecta esse, potentior 2 quidem erat quam ut fugam necessariam duceret; tantum ut procul abesset curabat, interim velut ab incendio flagrantis irae, dum Philippus viveret, se defensurus. Is, spe potiundi ad poenam corporis eius amissa, quod reliquum erat, id studere, ne super inpunitatem etiam praemio sceleris 3 frueretur. Antigonum igitur appellat, cui et palam facti parricidi gratia obnoxius erat, neque pudendum aut paenitendum eum regem Macedonibus propter recentem patrui 4 Antigoni gloriam fore censebat. "Quando in eam fortunam veni," inquit "Antigone, ut orbitas mihi, quam alii detestantur parentes, optabilis esse debeat, regnum, quod a patruo tuo forti, non solum fideli tutela eius custoditum

5,6 Numitori. —in: in regard to; cf. Praef. 2.- — quod . . . superesset: his grief was the more intense because Perseus was still alive, and his crime must weigh upon his father's mind until he had been punished.

56. 1. potentior. . . duceret : too strong to consider flight necessary is the English idiom.

2. interim: explained by dum viveret. Philip was at this time fifty-eight years old.

3. cui . . . erat: to whom he was indebted for the discovery of the murder. et is correlative with neque (= et non; see on 1, 4, 4), though the second clause, being independent, is not parallel with the first, which is relative. cui,

in spite of its position, belongs only to the first clause; cf. 22, 6, 2 eum; 39, 40, 9 simultates. palam: adv. for pred. adj.; see on 27, 44, 4. · parricidi : as if Demetrius had been actually killed by Perseus. Livy uses parricidium freely of any murder and, in 28, 29, I, even of treason. neque

censebat: and he thought that on account of the recent fame of his uncle Antigonus, he (the nephew) as king would not be a source of shame or regret to the Macedonians. The personal use of pudere and paenitere is rare.

4. forti . . . tutela: brave as well as faithful care; cf. 45, 39, 10 dis quoque enim, non solum hominibus, debetur triumphus.