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Catiline's army; its movements to avoid Antonius.

Sections 56-57.

§ 56. 14. duās legiōnēs: as Catiline had assumed the powers of a consul, he was bound to have two legions, which was the regular force for each consul to command in the field. With 1000 troops in each legion (see 52, 3-4), he could have only 100 in each cohort.

Page 52. 1. sociīs: sc. coniūrātiōnis. 3. numerō hominum explēverat: a full legion might number 5000 to 6000 men, but at this time the average was 3600 to 4000. 9. vorsus: note that the adverb is used with in. 12. servitia ... cūius: a relative pronoun in the singular with a plural antecedent is very rare. ably arose from thinking of the slaves as a class.

It prob

Page 53. § 57. 6. in agrum Pistōriēnsem: Catiline marched along the Apennines to the neighborhood of Pistoria, 17 miles northwest of Faesulae. From this point there were two passes into Cisalpine Gaul,-one through the valley of the Renus to Bononia, the other following the Scultenna to Mutina. The former is the easier and more direct way, and is the route traversed by the modern railroad from Pistoja to Bologna. 7. in Galliam Trānsalpīnam: probably to

the Allobroges.

9. ex difficultāte rērum, etc.: 'surmising that Catiline, on account of the difficulties of his position, would be meditating the very plans mentioned above.' 13. quã, etc. :'(down) which he (Catiline) must needs descend in hastening to Gaul.' 14. qui māgnō exercitu sequeretur: i.e. Antonius could move faster, because with his large army he did not need to wait for stragglers, and because he was marching through a level country; whereas Catiline could ill afford to leave a single man behind, and, moreover, was marching through mountainous districts. 16. cōpiīs

CICERO.

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Page 52. 1. Gallicānīs legiōnibus: a permanent force stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. 4. collectum: agreeing with exercitum (line 1). ex senibus dēspērātīs: Sulla's veterans. 5. luxuria: 'high livers'; the abstract for the concrete; see note to 9, 22-23. vadimōnia dēserere: i.e. they preferred to forfeit the bail which their friends had furnished as a guarantee that they would appear for trial at a certain time. 6. quibus hi si eis. 7. edictum praetōris: with reference to 10. praesidia: 'garrisons.' 11. gladiātōrī: i.e. Catiline.

debt.

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hostium sēsē clausum: he was prevented from going northward by Metellus Celer, and from going westward to the coast by Antonius. 18. praesidi: 'reënforcement.'

Catiline's speech to his soldiers. Section 58.

$ 58. Outline of the speech. — I am aware, soldiers, that a commander's eloquence has but little effect on his army; for a man's behavior in battle is predetermined by his character. But I have assembled you for a word of advice and explanation.

You know that Lentulus's slowness has not only brought us disaster in the city, but has prevented me from proceeding to Gaul. Meanwhile our situation here has become perilous. Our only hope is to cut our way through the enemy. Therefore be brave. Victory will open all Italy to us; defeat means our utter ruin. Besides, we are fighting for fatherland, for freedom, for life; they only for the aggrandizement of a few families.

You might have lived on in exile, or in disgrace and misery at Rome. But you chose to be men. Then be bold and face the enemy.

When I think of your determination and valor, -ay, and of your desperate necessity, too, I am filled with hope. The enemy cannot surround us in this narrow pass. But even if we are overpowered by numbers, let us not be taken captive to be slaughtered afterward like cattle, but let us quit ourselves like men and die, leaving the enemy to mourn a costly and bloody victory.

22. compertum ego habeō: cf. note to compertum habebat, 20, 20. 31. quoque = et quō.

neum est: 'it is a matter of no interest.'

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Page 54. 4. sī, etc.: see ferō in Vocab. 15. supervacā19. potuistis, etc. : some of you, after losing your property, might have lingered in Rome, watching for the bounty of strangers'; i.e. being dependent on their patron's daily dole, or on the bribes of some candidate for a magistracy. 21. haec this enterprise.' 30. Nam intro

ducing the answer to a possible objection, which the speaker does not state. As though he imagined some one remarking, "But the enemy outnumber us so completely "; and answered, "That need not give you any anxiety. For," etc. 31. Quod sī, etc. But if fortune is jealous of your valor,' a euphemistic expression for "But if it is your fortune to be defeated."

How the forces were drawn up for battle. Section 59.

Page 55. 59. § 59. 4. signa canere iubet: he ordered the call (to battle) to be sounded.' 6. remōtīs omnium equis: cf. Caesar, B. G. I, xxv: Caesar, prīmum suō, deinde omnium ex cōnspectu remōtis equīs, ut aequātō omnium perīculō, spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. 7. pedes: why short -es? 8. Nam, utī, etc. For as it was a plain lying between mountains on the left and ground rendered rough by rocks on the right'; inter governs both montis and aspera, the latter being in the neuter accusative plural and being equivalent to aspera loca; rūpe, ablative of cause, to be taken with aspera. 10. reliquarum sīgna = reliquās cohortis; see signum in Vocab. 14. Faesulānum quendam : perhaps the P. Furius mentioned in 40, 6. 15. cālōnibus: common slaves belonging to the soldiers, who were trained so as to be ready to fight in emergencies. 16. aquilam: see note to Cicero,

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18. pedibus aeger: Dio Cassius, the historian, says that Antonius pretended to be afflicted with the gout, in order to avoid directing the battle against his old friend Catiline. In this connection it has been suggested that, although Antonius's force was larger than that of Metellus, Catiline chose to join battle with the former, because he hoped that their old time friendship might influence Antonius to let the victory go to him. 19. M. Petrēiō: see Vocab.; in the civil war he sided with Pompey, and was defeated by Caesar in Spain. After the battle of Thapsus he fled with king Juba to Zama. Being denied admittance to the town, they killed each other. 25. amplius: B. 217, 3; A. 247, c; H. 471, 4; G. 296, R.4.

The battle of Pistoria; defeat and death of Catiline. Section 60.

§ 60. It is impossible to estimate the number of those engaged on each side with any accuracy. As to Catiline's force, although at one time he had two full legions, we are told that many deserted him on hearing of the execution of the conspirators at Rome (see 53, 1–5). Dio Cassius declares that Catiline had only 3000 men. The same historian states that Antonius had a larger force than Metellus. As Metellus, according to Sallust, 53, 8, had three legions, Antonius probably had 15,000 to 20,000 men. With forces so unequally matched, the result could not long be in doubt.

Page 56. 1. ferentāriīs: light-armed skirmishers stationed on the wings, who commenced the battle by hurling their spears at the enemy. 2. cum înfēstīs sīgnīs: 'in a charge' ('literally, with hostile standards'). pīla omittunt: cf. Caesar, B. G. VII, 88, Nostrī, omissis pilis, gladis rem gerunt. 10. cohortem praetōriam: the general's bodyguard, consisting of veteran legionaries on foot, together with equites, both Roman cavalry and men picked from the cavalry of the allies (see praetorius in Vocab.). 11. eōsque, etc.: 'and throwing them into confusion, cut them down, as they offered but a scattered resistance.'

The battlefield after the battle. Section 61.

§ 61. 19. animī vīs: 'valor.' 20. Nam, etc.: For in most cases, the place which each man in fighting had taken when alive,' etc. vīvos: nominative singular. pugnando: see note to Cicero, 21. Pauci, etc.: 'a few men who had been scattered by the dash of the praetorian cohort into their midst.'

10, 5.

Page 57. 1. visundi: 'of viewing the battlefield.'

EPIGRAMS OF SALLUST.

The references are to sections.

Aliēnī appetēns, sui profūsus.

Covetous of others' property, lavish with his own.

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Aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere. To have one thing hid within the heart, another ready on the tongue. - CATILINE, 10.

Alterum alterius auxilio eget.

The one needs the aid of the other. - CATILIne, 1.

Amīcitiās inimicitiāsque nōn ex re sed ex commodō aestu

māre.

To regard friendships and enmities, not at their real worth, but as a matter of personal advantage. - CATILINE, 10.

Bono vincī satius est quam malō mōre iniuriam vincere. It is better for a good man to suffer defeat than to use foul means to defeat wrong. — Jugurtha, 42.

Concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia māxumae dīlābuntur.

Through harmony small states grow, through discord the largest fall to pieces. -JUGURTHA, 10.

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