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etc. nor would you see power passing from one to the other, and the whole world in a state of change and confusion.' 6. arti

bus by (the exercise of) those qualities.' partum est: from pario. 11. Quae, etc.: 'What men do in the way of ploughing, sailing, building, all depends on mental energy.' What accusative is Quae? B. 176, 2, a; A. 238, b; H. 409, 1; G. 333, 1, n.2. 13. peregrinantēs: i.e. with as little mental exertion as is employed by those who travel for pleasure in a foreign country. 14. voluptātī: B. 191; A. 233; H. 425, 3; G. 356.

a noble career.'

18. artis bonae: 'of

§ 3. A man's disposition points him to one or another of the many occupations leading to success. But perhaps the most difficult task one can undertake is to try to win fame by writing history: first, because the words must rise to the level of the deeds, and second, because the reader is apt to ascribe the historian's criticisms to malice, and to suspect that his account of remarkable exploits is greatly exaggerated.

As for myself, like most young men, I was drawn into public life; and although I spurned the evil practices which I found prevalent, I yielded to ambition, and, as often happens, was basely slandered by my enemies.

20. in māgnā cōpiā rērum: 'in the great variety of occupations' (leading to success), several of which are mentioned in the following sentence. 22. haud absurdum: a case of litotes.

clārum :

vel pace vel bello: 'by means of either peace or war.' agrees with quemquam, which is to be supplied as the subject of fieri. 23. fēcēre (facta): 'achieved success.' 28. quae dēlīcta = ea delicta, quae: 'most persons think that all your censure of faults has been uttered out of malice and envy.' 31. supra ea = quae suprā ea sunt: a phrase used as the object of ducit. ficta prō falsīs fictitious if not false.'

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4. audācia: corresponds to pudōre; but in the remaining pairs, largitio corresponds to virtute and avaritia to abstinentia, thus producing chiasmus. 6. imbecilla aetās, etc.: weakness of youth, I was held corrupted by ambition.' minus, etc. my craving for state honors resulted in my being tormented by the same envious slanders as were the others.'

with the

8. nihilō

§ 4. Hence, when I retired from public life, I determined not to waste my time in idleness, or even in agriculture or hunting; but, returning to my earlier aspirations, I resolved to write the history of different periods of the Roman people. Therefore I purpose to give a brief account of a most remarkable plot against the government, known as the conspiracy of Catiline. But first a few words on Catiline's character.

10. ex: 'after.'

miseriis atque periculis: see page viii. colundō aut vēnandō: 14. servilibus officiis: agricul

13. bonum ōtium: 'valuable leisure.' ablative dependent on intentum. ture was regarded by the Romans as a most respectable occupation, while hunting was often indulged in by Roman gentlemen. In speaking of these as 'employments fit for slaves,' Sallust probably intended nothing sarcastic, but was merely carrying out the idea before expressed, that men, whenever possible, should engage in intellectual pursuits. Hence agriculture and hunting, which exercise the body chiefly, might well be left to slaves. 15. sed, etc.: but returning to the same undertaking and pursuit from which an evil ambition had kept me.' 17. carptim: see "Sallust's Writings," pages ix and x. memoriā: B. 226, 2; A. 245, a; H. 481; G. 397, N.2. 18. mihi: 'my.' partibus: 'partisanship.' 21. paucis: sc. verbis. 23. prius. quam... faciam: B. 292, 1, a; A. 327, b; H. 605; G. 577, 1.

Character of Catiline. Section 5.

§ 5. Catiline's mad desire to seize the government, as Sulla had done, was constantly increased by want of means and by a guilty conscience. His project was favored by the low state of morals among the people. Here begins an account of the gradual corruption of Roman character.

25. nōbili genere natus: the Sergian gens to which Catiline belonged claimed descent from the Trojan Sergestus; cf. Vergil's Aeneid, V, 121, Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen. Catiline's great-grandfather, M. Sergius Silus, won great distinction in the Second Punic War; so eager was he to fight that on losing his right hand in battle, he had it replaced by an iron hand. The family wealth had been much reduced, and the little that was handed down to Catiline was entirely insufficient to withstand the drain caused by his youthful extravagances.

26. ab adulēscentiā bella, etc.: when Sulla returned from the East in B.C. 83, to take vengeance upon the Marian party, Catiline, who was then 25 years old, served in Sulla's army as quaestor. Throughout the frightful proscriptions that followed, he was one of Sulla's most bloodthirsty agents. He killed his own brother, and then, to evade prosecution, persuaded Sulla to put his brother's name on the list of the proscribed, as though he were still living. With a troop of Gallic cavalry, he plundered and slaughtered on every hand, murdering, among others, Q. Caecilius, his own brother-in-law. He most cruelly tortured M. Marius Gratidianus, a relative of C. Marius, and having at last put him to death, carried his gory head through the streets of Rome and presented himself with it in triumph before Sulla's tribunal. He is charged later with making away with his own son, in order to win the hand of Orestilla, who objected to having a full-grown step-son; see § 15.

29. inediae: B. 204, 1; A. 218, b; H. 451, 3; G. 375. quam, 'than,' naturally follows the comparative idea contained in suprā; translate, beyond what.' 30. Animus audāx, subdolus, etc. : the omission of connectives in this chapter makes the lines of the character sketch all the stronger. 31. cuius rei lubet: for cuius lubet rei, of whatever he pleased.' simulātor: one who pretends

to be what he is not; dissimulātor: one who conceals what he is. aliēnī and (32) sui: neuter adjectives used as substantives, 'covetous of others' property, lavish with his own.' 32. satis, etc.: 'quite eloquent, he was lacking in discretion.'

Page 4. 1. vāstus, etc.: his insatiable mind always entertained inordinate, startling, over-ambitious desires.' 3. dominātiōnem: Sulla was absolute master in Rome from B.C. 82 until his abdication in 79. 4. neque id, etc.: nor did he have the slightest scruple about the means by which he should accomplish this, provided he secured the supreme power for himself.' 5. pararet: B. 310; A. 314; H. 587; G. 573. pēnsī partitive genitive with quicquam. 7. quae utraque: neuter plural in agreement with two nouns in the feminine singular; B. 235, в, 2, α; A. 187, c; H. 395, 2, N.; G. 286, 3. artibus: practices.'

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8. Incitabant, etc.: 'Besides, he was urged on by the corruption of the state's morals, which were being ruined by the worst and most opposite of evils, luxury and avarice.' 11. Rēs ipsa, etc.: 'The occasion itself, since my account has brought the public morality to

mind, seems to encourage me to go further back.'

paucīs as in 3, 21.

12. repetere :

ut with the subjunctive is more often the construction with hortārī, as in 19, 12. 13. militiae: how did this come to mean abroad'? 14. ut: 'how.' 16. disserere has four objects, viz. institūta and the three following clauses.

Digression: Sketch of the gradual change of the Romans from a simple, brave, industrious people to an utterly corrupt nation. Sections 6-13.

§ 6. Tradition relates that Trojan colonists united with the Aborigines in founding Rome. As the city grew and became prosperous, it was attacked by neighboring tribes; but Roman valor triumphed. The liberal policy of the Romans after their victory won them many friends. At first they were ruled by a king, with the advice of a council of elders. But the kings, becoming tyrannical, were expelled; and thereafter two chief magistrates, clothed with equal power, were elected annually.

17. sicuti ego accēpī: 'as I have heard on good authority." Sallust follows Cato in tracing the beginnings of Rome to the intermingling of Trojan colonists with the Aborigines. 18. habuere : 'possessed.' sēdibus incertīs: 'without fixed abodes.' 19. Aborīginēs: a name given by Roman writers to the primitive race which, mixing with the ancient Siculi, was said to have produced the Latins. Cf. Vergil's account of them in the Aeneid, VIII, 314-323:

CICERO.

"Haec nemora indigenae Fauni Nymphaeque tenebant
gensque virum truncis et duro robore nata,

quis neque mos neque cultus erat, nec iungere tauros
aut componere opes norant aut parcere parto,

Page 4. 1. Ille Catiline. istis: these (scoundrels),' the conspirators. sed tam diu, dum: 'but only so long as.' 2. continēbātur: B. 293, II; A. 276, e, N.; H. 603, 1; G. 569. nōrat: for noverat, from nōscō. 4. Erat ei, etc.: 'not only did he possess the ability to plan crime, but neither hand nor tongue ever failed to support his ability'; i.e. he lacked neither a persuasive tongue to urge his plans, nor a deft hand to execute them. 6. descriptōs: 'assigned.' cum mandārat: B. 288, 3; A. 322, 309, c; H. 539, 2; G. 567. 7. nihil erat, etc. there was nothing to which he did not give his personal attention and energy, nothing for which he did not himself watch and toil.'

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sed rami atque asper victu venatus alebat.
Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo,
arma Iovis fugiens et regnis exsul ademptis.
Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis
composuit legesque dedit, Latiumque vocari
maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris."

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2. moenia, which usually means city walls,' here denotes a walled city'; note the use of ūna in the plural to agree with moenia. dispari genere: although they were unlike in race.' 3. alii aliō mōre vīventēs: accustomed to different modes of life.' 6. rēs: 'state.' mōribus: 'civilization.' 7. sīcuti, etc.: 'as generally happens with human possessions.' 9. rēgēs: the Etrus

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can kings. populique finitumī: the Sabines, Aequians, Rutulians, and Volscians. temptāre and (10) esse: the first instances of the historical infinitive, which, although rare in Caesar and Cicero, Sallust uses very freely. B. 335; A. 275; H. 610; G. 647. pauci: 'but few'; it is probable that the alliance existing later with the lowland Hernicans began in the regal period.

10. auxiliō: B. 191; A. 233; H. 433, 3; G. 356. 11. intenti: 'energetically.' 14. auxilia portābant: colloquialism for auxilia ferebant; portāre is restricted more properly to the carrying of material objects. 16. parābant: 'secured.' Imperium, etc.: 'Rule over them was regulated by law; but their ruler was called king.' 17. rēgium: not from rex. 18. rei publicae consultābant: this is the only case in which the frequentative is used like the simple verb consulō with the dative, to denote 'taking counsel for.' 19. curae similitudine: 'from the similarity of their duties.' patrēs: they were more probably called patrēs because the senate originally consisted of all the patrēs familias over 45 years old; their age gave them the title senātōrēs, which is derived from the same root (SEN, 'old') as senex. 21. conservandae libertatis: this use of the gerundive as predicate genitive to express purpose is rare. B. 339, 6; A. 298, R.; H. 626, 5; G. 428, R.2. 23. annua, etc.: they elected two rulers to hold office for one year; in this way they thought the mind of man would be least likely to grow overbearing for want of restraint.'

§ 7. With the establishment of the republic, men's ambitions long stifled by suspicious kings—were aroused. Young men were

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