between the ōrdō senātōrius and the plebs. Their insignia were a gold ring and two narrow purple stripes - angustus clavus on the tunic. As regards the other conspirators mentioned here, see Vocabulary. 10. colōniis et municipiīs: originally the Romans planted colonies on their frontier to protect it against the enemy. The inhabitants of the maritime colonies along the coast retained the rights of Roman citizenship, while those of the military or inland colonies lost their citizenship and became Latins. Marius and Sulla also established colonies for their veteran soldiers in different parts of Italy. The municipia were Italian towns annexed to Rome, which retained the rights of local self-government. At the close of the Social War, B.C. 89, all the colonies and municipal towns were granted full rights of citizenship, and thereafter there was practically no difference between them. domī nōbilēs: the smaller towns, imitating Rome, had their own nobility. 16. vivere copia: a colloquialism for vivendi cōpia; these young men preferred the danger and excitement of war to the tameness of a peaceful life.

18. M. Licinium Crassum: the richest Roman of his time; he was believed to be worth $8,500,000. He had gained this fortune partly by buying confiscated estates during Sulla's dictatorship, and selling them when they had risen in value, partly by educating and selling slaves. He is also said to have been in the habit of purchasing houses which were on fire, together with those adjoining them, at a low figure. Thereupon a band of his slaves, carefully trained as a fire brigade, rushed in and extinguished the fire. By rebuilding these houses, Crassus soon became the largest real estate owner in Rome.

19. invisus ipsi: Pompey and Crassus had been rivals under Sulla in 83. In the war with Spartacus, B.C. 71, Crassus won the decisive battle; but Pompey, happening to meet some scattered remnants of Spartacus's army, cut them to pieces, and for this brilliant exploit claimed and received the glory of finishing the war! In the following year they were reconciled, and were colleagues in the consulship. But Pompey's recent victories in the East had again roused the jealous enmity of Crassus. 20. cuiusvīs, etc.: 'he (Crassus) was willing to see any one's influence increase, if only it was at the expense of Pompey's power; at the same time he was confident,' etc.

Digression: Account of the conspiracy of B.C. 66. Sections 18-19.

§ 18. 24. de quā: sc. coniūrātiōne as suggested by coniūrāvēre. 26. P. Sulla: not the conspirator mentioned in § 17, but another

relative of the dictator; in B.C. 62 he was successfully defended by Cicero against a charge of being concerned in both conspiracies. dēsīgnātī cōnsulēs: the elections were usually held in July, the inauguration on the following 1st of January. lēgibus ambitūs : bribery was very common. To prevent detection, the money passed through the hands of three intermediate persons. Several laws had been enacted against bribery, the most recent and severe being the Lēx Acīlia Calpurnia (в.c. 67), which provided that any person convicted of this offence should be heavily fined and never again be permitted to hold office. 27. interrogātī: the interrogātiō was a formal examination of the accused by the praetor, as a preliminary to the regular trial. poenās dederant: i.e. being found guilty, they suffered the penalty prescribed by the law, and a new election was ordered, for which Catiline wished to present himself as a candidate. 28. pecuniarum repetundārum reus: charged with extortion' (literally accused of moneys to be demanded back'). In the year after his praetorship (B.c. 67) Catiline was governor of the province of Africa. In 66, immediately on his return to Rome in order to be a candidate for the consulship of 65, the provincials entered a formal complaint of extortion against him before the Senate. Such a charge did not absolutely debar the accused from being a candidate, but left it to the discretion of the presiding magistrate. In this case, as the decision of the consul, L. Tullus, was unfavorable to Catiline, he was compelled to give up all hope of being consul in 65.

6

29. intrā lēgitumōs diēs: a person was required to make formal announcement to the consul, at least 17 days before the election, of his intention to be a candidate. Catiline of course could not do so, merely because the consul persisted in refusing to permit him to be a candidate. The phrase quod . . . nequiverat therefore does not give the real reason for the consul's action (the charge of extortion), but may have been assigned as the reason in his formal report of the case. 31. factiōsus: 'a demagogue.'

Page 13. 1. Cum hōc. consilio communicātō: 'Concerting together with this man.' 2. in Capitōliō: on the inaugural day, a procession of the Senate, equites, and distinguished citizens escorted the consuls elect to the magnificent temple on the Capitol, where a sacrifice of white bulls was offered to Jupiter with solemn vows. 3. L. Cottam et L. Torquātum: who had been elected in place of Autronius and Sulla. 4. fascibus correptis:

the seizure of the fasces would imply that they at once assumed consular authority.

6. in: how should the preposition be translated in view of the case it governs? transtulerant: the use of the pluperfect for the perfect is not uncommon in Sallust. It is as though the author, projecting himself into the next sentence, described the action as completed beforehand. 10. patrātum: an old word rarely found in Cicero, and never in Caesar. 11. ea rēs: Suetonius tells us of a suspicion that Crassus and Caesar were the leading spirits in this plot of 66, and adds that Caesar did not give the pre-arranged signal, which was to allow his toga to slip off his shoulder, — because Crassus failed to appear at the last moment. This is very doubtful, to say the least.

§ 19. 13. quaestor prō praetōre: after their year of office, the consuls and praetors were appointed by the Senate to act as governors in the provinces, ruling prō cōnsule or prō praetōre, i.e. being vested with the powers of a consul or of a praetor. The ten quaestors who went with them were the treasurers for the army and province. Occasionally, as in the case of Piso, a quaestor was made governor of a province, with rank as praetor. 17. ā rē pūblicā : 'from the seat of government.'

party.

boni: the senatorial or aristocratic

18. in eo: i.e. in Piso. potentia Pompēī: Pompey had been remarkably successful in all the wars he had undertaken, and had added to his prestige by his recent victory over the pirates. He was now the military idol of the Roman plebs. 23. veterēs fidōsque clientīs provincials often asked the general who had conquered them to allow them to be his clients in order to secure his support at Rome. voluntate ēius: as they could not easily communicate with Pompey in the East, they probably consulted their imaginations freely as to what he would approve.

CICERO.

3. pridie Kalendās: here

Page 13. 2. hōrum: sc. senātōrum. Cicero only appears to differ with Sallust as to dates; for Cicero does not say that any attempt was made to kill the consuls on December 31st, but simply that Catiline stood armed in the comitium. That Catiline should thus go armed on the day before the attack is in keeping with his reckless audacity. 4. manum: 'band.' 5. nōn mentem aliquam: 'not any change of purpose.'

Catiline addresses the conspirators, makes large promises to them, and binds them to secrecy by a fearful oath. Sections 20-22.

Page 14. § 20. 4. multa saepe ēgerat: 'had often talked at length.' 5. in rem: 'useful.' 7. ōrātiōnem: not the speech that Catiline actually delivered, but one composed by Sallust to suit the occasion. Ancient historians commonly wrote these imaginary speeches. 9. mihi: what use of the dative? B. 189, 2; A. 232, a ; H. 431, 2; G. 354. 11. neque, etc.: 'nor would I be grasping at uncertainty instead of certainty, if I had only cowardly or false hearts to depend on.' 13. tempestātibus: 'emergencies.' 15. simul quia, etc.: 'at the same time, because I know that you and I regard the same things as good and evil.' 16. Nam, etc.: For to have the same likes and dislikes, this after all is what constitutes firm friendship.'

19. Cēterum: 'I have only to add that.' 20. nisi, etc.: 'unless we, taking the matter into our own hands, assert our claim to liberty.' 23. semper, etc.: 'kings and tetrarchs have always been tributary to them.' tetrarchae: this word had lost its original significance, ruler of a fourth part of the land,' and was applied to 'petty princes,' such as the tetrarch of Galatia or of Thessaly. 24. cēterī, etc. all the rest of us, however energetic or honest, whether of the nobility or not.' 26. sī rēs, etc.: if republican principles availed.' 30. quo usque tandem: cf. the opening words of Cicero's first speech against Catiline, Quo usque tandem abūtēre, Catilina, patientiā nostrā ? 31. per virtutem: translate as an adverb. 32. inhonestam: not 'dishonest.'

Page 15. 1. prō: this interjection is sometimes used with the vocative (cf. prō dī immortālēs), and sometimes, as here, with the accusative, by faith in gods and men.' 3. illīs: dative; translate, they are altogether enfeebled by reason of their years and riches.' 4. cōnsenuērunt: the first instance of the longer form of the perfect third plural; there are only three others in the Catiline. -ērunt was preferred by most writers, while -ēre was more common in popular speech. Cato first used the latter at all extensively, being closely followed by Sallust in this, as in many other respects. cētera rēs expediet: 'the course of events will do the rest.'

5. Etenim: 'And besides.' 7. in exstruendō marī, etc.: see note to 9, 8. 9. larem familiarem: the deified ancestor of the family, who was believed to linger about the hearth; hence, by metonomy,

'home.' 8, 17.

11. toreumata: the Greek equivalent for vāsa caelāta, nova, etc. they tear down new buildings, they erect others.' 14. mala, etc.: the present is bad, the future is still more desperate.' rēs, spēs: a favorite alliteration; cf. 'luck and pluck.' 20. Rēs, tempus: 'The circumstances, the opportunity.'

§ 21. 26. quibus, etc.: 'whose lives abounded in all evil.' 27. tametsī, etc.: 'great as seemed to them the reward of disturbing the public peace.' 29. quae condicio, etc.: 'under what conditions they were to engage in war.' 30. ubique: 'anywhere.'

31. tabulās novās: debts were recorded on wooden tablets covered with wax; hence 'new tablets' would imply either an abolition or reduction of debts. prōscriptiōnem: originally a bill posted to advertise a sale, but, during Sulla's reign of terror, the word came to mean the sale of property belonging to those who were condemned to banishment or death.

32. sacerdōtia: of the various colleges of priests at this time, the pontifices and augurēs (fifteen of each) were elected by the people. The pontificēs superintended the religious services of the state and regulated the calendar. The augures could further or prevent any public act whatever, whether of peace or war, simply by declaring the auspices favorable or unfavorable. Both these boards, therefore, had great political influence. No preliminary training was required for these priestly offices, nor did they exclude any one from holding a civil magistracy at the same time. As, therefore, they were attended by considerable distinction and influence, they were much coveted.

Pisōnem :

Page 16. 1. fert: 'comes with.' 2. esse indirect discourse following pollicēri. 3. P. Sittius of Nuceria was an adventurer. He left Rome for Spain in в.c. 64 (as some said, to aid the conspiracy), but soon crossed into Mauretania, and entered the service of the king of that land. When Caesar went to Africa, eighteen years later, Sittius joined his army, and at that time probably came under the notice of Sallust, who was also one of Caesar's officers. Sittius was of such assistance to Caesar that at the close of the war he was rewarded by a large grant of land in Numidia. This he apportioned among his soldiers, settling there himself. Shortly afterward he was assassinated.

4. C. Antōnium : the worthless son of the famous lawyer M. Antonius, and uncle of the triumvir. He had been expelled from the