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751. laudis (§ 223; G. 389, R.2; H. 410, v.).

754. bello (either dative or ablative).

755. aratro, see note i. 425.

756. Ilium, Troiam: these names appear to be given to different quarters of the city.

758. patribus.

vocatis (abl. absolute). Augustus restored the

practice of the old kings of Rome, who consulted the senate, but did not hold themselves bound by its decretum (cf. Liv. i. 8). —iura, here apparently equivalent to leges.

761. late sacer, widely held in reverence.

762. novem, the usual time for funeral rites.

763. honos, sacrifice. — straverunt, see note, Ecl. ii. 26.

766. morantur, etc., they prolong the night and day.

767. ipsi, see v. 716.

773. solvi funem, the

hawser to be cast loose.

775. prora: the offering was usually made from the ship's stern; here, however, they are looking to the forward voyage.- pateram, i.e. makes a libation. (See Fig. 94, P. 195.)

784. infracta, subdued. Notice that in has two meanings: one negative, in which it is compounded with the participle, and the other intensive, and the like, when it is compounded with the verb.

Fig. 114.

785. exedisse: for the expression, compare Il. iv. 35; Bry. 43. 786. traxe (= traxisse), to have dragged (§ 128, b; G. 191, 5; H. 235, 3).

787. reliquias, etc., observe the emphasis: the relics, the very ashes and bones of murdered Troy.

788. sciat illa, let her say: a similar formula (viderit) is often used to disclaim responsibility or knowledge in any wrong doing or error. 790. caelo, i.e. raised the waves to the spear.

794. subegit linquere, compelled to leave behind.

796. quod superest, those who remain of the expedition.

liceat

tibi, may it be allowed you to give them safe passage. Supply ei, antecedent of quod.

800. regnis (dative or ablative).

801. genus: Venus was born from the sea. — - merui, I have deserved this confidence. - furores, the madness of the waves, in Æneas' behalf.

803. Xanthum, Simoënta, see Il. xxi. 218; Bry. 269. The rescue of Æneas from Achilles took place before the struggle with the waters, and Venus performs the act herself; but doubtless Virgil follows another tradition. Compare the whole description with the splendid narrative in Homer (Bry. xx. 399).

S10. cum cuperem, though I wished: alluding to the treachery of Laomedon (§ 326; G. 588; H. 515, iii.).

814. unus, i.e. Palinurus, see v. 859.

817. auro, i.e. the golden harness.

818. effundit, the regular word for letting loose the reins.

819. tonanti, perhaps a general epithet of a chariot-wheel; or it may refer to the roaring of the waters below.

821. vasto aethere, i.e. the sky is made empty of clouds.

822. cetē, a Greek plural (kýτη), used for monsters of the deep in general (cetaceous). (See Fig. 109, p. 227.)

823. chorus, band of sea-deities. — Glauci, a sea-divinity, said to be completely overgrown with "shellfish, seaweed, and stones," so that he is used by Plato (Rep. x. p. 611) as the image of a soul incrusted with sin. - Inous Palaemon: of the transformation of Melicerta, with his mother Ino, into a sea-deity; see Ovid, Met. iv. 426–542.

827. blanda gaudia, flattering delights.

829. brachia, sail-yards.

830. fecere pedem, made a tack: a technical expression. The pes is the lower corner of the sail which is drawn in or out in the tacking. (See Fig. 102, p. 48.) 2 /*

831. torquent, detorquent, of the different tacks.

832. cornua, spars. — sua flamina, favoring gales (§ 197, b; G.

295, R.; H. 449, 2).

837. sub remis, every man close to his oar.

840. tristia, fatal; insonti, as it was against his will.

842. Phorbanti, one of the companions.

845. furare, steal away (like "stealing a nap ").

849. monstro, i.e. the terrible deep.

852. dabat, amittebat, tenebat: observe the force of these imperfects. Palinurus speaks without once losing his grasp of the helm, or letting his eyes wander from the stars.

854. Lethaeo, the river of the world below that gave forgetfulness; cf. vi. ooo.

856. solvit, relaxes, in contrast to tenebat, above.

859. cum gubernaclo, compare vi. 349.

864. Sirenum (see Fig. 81, p. 165).

865. quondam: after they were foiled by the craft of Ulysses (Od. xii. 178-200), the Sirens are said to have cast themselves into the sea and perished.

867. fluitantem, drifting at random: Æneas is roused by the irregular movement and une chafing surge against the cliff.

Book VI.

THE main action of this book, the visit to the world of Shades, is expanded from the narratives of Ulysses in the eleventh book of the Odyssey. But while Ulysses, in a region vaguely indicated as at the ends of the earth, beyond the Ocean stream, simply offers sacrifice and digs a trench about which the ghosts crowd eager to taste the victim's blood, and so hold converse with him; we have in Virgil a definite locality, and a vast underground realm of which the entrance is marked by the sulphur springs and caverns near the bay of Naples, with its well-defined regions of the tormented and the blessed, according to the more developed though philosophic and skeptic opinion of his time. Some passages have been thought to hint at the initiatory rites of certain mysteries, to which Virgil had himself been admitted; much of the philosophy is Stoic pantheism; and the theory of the vision appears to include the Pythagorean doctrine of metempsychosis. Compare Ovid, Met. xv. 1-487.

1. Sic fatur: these lines, in some editions, are added to Book V. — immittit habenas, i.e. sets all sail (lit., gives loose reins to the fleet).

2. Euboicis: the colonization from Euboea was of a later date than the supposed time of Æneas. Cumarum: Cuma was the oldest Greek settlement in Italy. It was situated on the coast, a few miles west of Naples, where its remains are still to be seen. In its foundation Chalcis of Euboea was united with Cyme in Asia Minor, hence the name Cumæ: the assigned date is B.C. 1050; compare with the succeeding description that in iii. 441–460.

3. obvertunt proras: the vessels were brought up to land stern on so as to set sail again more easily.

4. litora (§ 228, a; H. 386, 2).

5. praetexunt, i.e. a line of sterns is seen along the shore; cf. v. 3. — emicat, here used in its original sense of rapid motion.

6. semina, i.e. as the fire is struck with flint and steel, the elements of fire seem to be in the flint.

8. rapit, scour for fuel or game. (§ 292, R.; G. 667, R.'; H. 549, 5).

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inventa, etc., find and show

9. arces, i.e. the temple of Apollo is on a hill, its secret shrine (adytum) being the cave of the Sibyl.

10. horrendae, an object of awe as inspired by Apollo. - procul, at a distance; not very far, but merely out of the way. - Sibyllae, see note, Ecl. iv. 4.

12. Delius: Apollo is often so called from his favorite abode at Delos.

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13. Triviae, an epithet of Diana in her three-fold form (iv. 609). 14. Daedalus: of his escape by flight, see Ovid, Met. viii. 183-259. Minoia regna: not merely Crete, but all the Grecian waters of which Minos had sovereign rule, says Thucydides. Tradition connected the wanderings of Daedalus with Sicily and Sardinia.

17. Chalcidica: Cuma was founded from Chalcis in Euboea; com

pare v. 2.

19. remigium, machinery.

20. Androgei: Androgeos, son of Minos, on account of the envy of

the Athenians, was sent by Ægeus to encounter the Marathonian bull, by which he was slain. His death was avenged, and the Athenians were compelled to send yearly seven boys and seven girls to be devoured by the Minotaur. The first two scenes described are at Athens: first the death of Androgeos, then the drawing of lots to determine the victims to be sent, then Pasiphaë, and finally the Labyrinth, with Theseus and Ariadne; all sculptured on the temple. (See Fig. 115.)

21. Cecropidae: Cecrops was the fabulous founder of Athens. 22. ductis (ablative absolute).

23. contra, i.e. on the other door. — mari (abl. of separation).

24. crudelis amor, see Ecl. vi. 46, note: the madness of Pasiphaë was inflicted on her by Venus, as a punishment for revealing her intrigue with Mars.

55. biformis, half man and half bull.

27. labor ille, the Labyrinth, which it was Dædalus's "task to build as a place of confinement for the monster. error, wanderings, in its original sense.

28. magnum reginae amorem, the great love of the princess, i.e. that of Ariadne for Theseus.

29. ipse resolvit: the builder of the labyrinth taught the princess how to unravel its mystery by the guiding clue of thread. — dolos ambagesque (hendiadys), deceitful windings.

30. caeca, dark, i.e. uncertain.

31. sineret dolor, would grief permit (hort. subj., § 310, b; cf. G. 594, 4; H. 484).

32. casus effingere, i.e. to represent Icarus' flight and falling into the Icarian sea, to which he gave his name. (See Fig. 116.)

33. omnia (two syllables).

34. perlegerent, would have continued to peruse (§ 308, a; G. 599, R.').

35. sacerdos: the Sibyl is priestess of Apollo, god of augury, and of Trivia or Hecate, goddess of the shades.

38. intacto, untouched by the yoke.

39. praestiterit (§ 311, a; G. 250; H. 485, N.').

40. morantur, delay [to execute] the required rites.

42. antrum: there is now shown at Cume, as the cave of the Sibyl, a series of passages cut in the rock (aditus centum). The real cave was destroyed by the Goths (A.D. 553) after a desperate defence against Narses. 43. aditus centum, apparently a hundred passages from the hall of the outer temple to the cave.

45. virgo: the Sibyl is already in the cavern. poscere, etc., it is time to seek the oracles from Apollo (§ 270, b; G. 429, R.3; H. 538).

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