147. levibus, light, skimming the surface.-rotis (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).

148. veluti, just as: introducing the first and one of the most celebrated of Virgil's similes. The ferocity of a mob and the power of eloquence were things very familiar to the Romans. Hence the simile is proper, though generally the less vivid should be compared with the more vivid. magno in populo: the greater the crowd the more striking the effect. saepe belongs properly to the whole idea, and so is equivalent to as often happens.

149. seditio, revolt, lit. a going apart (= se-itio).—animis, with passion; compare v. 56, note (§ 248; G. 398; H. 419).— ignobile, mean or obscure (lit. of no recognizable standing: in-gnosco).

150. iam, see note, v. 133.-faces, fire-brands: Rome, being at that time largely built of wood, was very vulnerable to this favorite weapon of the mob.

151. tum, correl. with cum, v. 148.

ence.

gravem, of weight or influ- meritis, services (to the state).—si quem belong with virum. 152. conspexere, plur. because here the individuals are thought of, though a collective noun is used before. — adstant, stand by, implying attention.

153. regit... animos, sways their minds by words (addressed to their reason); pectora mulcet, calms their passion (whose seat is in the breast; compare note to v. 36). — mulcet: used originally of the stroking of an animal, and so of soothing the blind passion of the crowd.

154. fragor, crash of the breakers (frango).

155. caelo (locative abl.). — curru, old dative (§ 68; H. 116, N.).— secundo (old participial

=

form sequendo), following, i.e. gliding easily after the horses. (See Fig. 39.)

157. quae proxima =

the nearest, sc. erant.

=

158. vertuntur, turn : used in the reflexive or "middle" sense, which is

expressed in English by the active form, and in Latin

more commonly by the passive (§ III, N.'; G. 210;

H. 465). But the active

Fig. 39.

is also common in the same sense after Cicero's time; compare v. 104.

160. obiectu, interposition: “an island makes a port by interposing its shores, against which every billow breaks, and parts [running up] into deep coves (sinus). (For a similar harbor see Fig. 40.) — quibus, abl. of instrument (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).

Fig. 40.

162. rupes, the rocky shore in general; scopuli, peaks or headlands ("look-outs," see v. 180, note). — gemini, twin, i.e. corresponding, one on each side. - minantur, tower. For the whole description cf. Od. xiii. 96; Bry. 117; also ix. 136; Bry. 164.

164. scaena, properly the decorated wall (frons scaenae) at the back of the stage in Roman theatres: here, the background of woods and hills as seen from the shore. (See Fig. 41.) — silvis (abl. of manner, a dark forest with bristling shade (referring to the forms of the firs, etc.), like a scene with waving woods juts over from above.

165. umbra (abl. of manner).

166. scopulis, of rocks (abl. of quality), i.e. the cave is made by them. 167. aquae dulces, fresh water springs, opposed to amarae, brackish or salt. — vivo saxo (abl. of material, § 244; G. 396, 2), living rock i.e. in its natural site, and so sharing in the common life of nature.

168. fessas, weary, as if the ships felt the hardships they had undergone.

170. omni ex numero, twenty in all (v. 381): one was lost, and twelve were scattered but afterwards reappeared (v. 393).

171. amore (abl. of

manner).

172. arena (§ 249; G.

405; H. 421 originally an instrumental abl.).

173. sale tabentis,

dripping with brine (abl. of means).

Fig. 41.

174. silici, from flint (§ 229; G. 346; H. 385, 4).

175. foliis, dry leaves, used as tinder (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).circum dedit, he put about it.

176. nutrimenta, any thing that would keep the spark alight, - chips, stubble, etc. (§ 225, d; G. 348; H. 384, 2). - rapuit, etc., he kindled a blaze in dry fuel. The word seems to apply to the sudden bursting out of the blaze.fomite, root in foveo (abl. of instrument).

177. cererem, corn: identified with the goddess herself by the so-called figure, Metonymy (compare Ecl. vi. 15; Liv. xxii. 37).- corruptam, damaged. arma, utensils, such as hand-mills (saxa), baking-pans, etc.

178. expediunt, fetch out from the ships. -fessi rerum, weary of their hardships: they are eager to catch ever so short a respite. For the genitive, see § 218, c; G. 374; H. 399, 3.- receptas, recovered from the sea. 179. torrere, to parch, before grinding or bruising (frangere): the wet grain would particularly need it.

180. scopulum conscendit, cf. Od. x. 146; Bry. 176: scopulus - (σкÓжελоç, from σкоTέw) — is a rock suitable for a look-out, a borrowed word; the corresponding Latin form is speculum, with a different sense. Cf. v. 162, note.

181. pelago (locative abl.). - Anthea (§ 63, f; G. 72; H. 68) si quem videat (indir. quest., § 334, f; G. 462; H. 529, 1), [to see] if he can see any [thing of] Antheus.

183. Capyn, see references, v. 181, also § 63, g. arma, shields, per

haps arranged in order along the quarter: but there is also an ornament on the high stern, evidently representing a shield, which may be meant here. (See Fig. 40.)

184. cervos, see Od. x. 158; Bry. 190.

187. hic, adverb.

188. tela (§ 201, d).

190. sternit, lays low.

191. miscet inter, disperses among.

193. fundat (§ 327; G. 579; H. 520, 2).

195. deinde (dissyl.) dividit, next he shares. - cadis onerarat, had laden in jars (dat., § 225, d; G. 348; H. 384, 2). -Acestes: it is implied that they had stopped at Segesta and been entertained by Acestes on their way. This is not distinctly stated here, though implied in v. 34, because Æneas is to stop there again on his later voyage (Book v.).

196. heros, Acestes; see Od. ix. 196; Bry. 2, 7.

198. ignari, without knowledge. - ante, adverb equivalent to an adjective qualifying malorum, which is itself used as a noun (compare § 207, N., etc.; G. 440; H. 443, N.3), a use common in Greek, and not very rare in Latin. Cf. Od. xii. 208; Bry. 249.

199. O passi graviora, ye who have suffered heavier woes; cf. Od. xx. 18; Bry. 20.

200. Scyllaeam, of Scylla (§ 190; G. 360, R.; H. 395, N.2).-rabiem,

Fig. 42.

madness, especially of animals; so here of Scylla, who is conceived as surrounded by dogs (iii. 424-432). (See Fig. 42, and compare Ecl. vi., Fig. 26.)

201. Cyclopea, i.e. of Sicily; cf. iii. 569. - accestis = accessistis (§ 128, b; G. 151, 1; H. 235; cf. iv. 606, v. 786).

203. meminisse (§ 270; G. 423; H. 549). Servius says this passage is from Nævius.

204. discrimina rerum, crises: discrimen (root in cerno), prop

erly the decision, hence the turning-point.

207. rebus secundis, dative (§ 225; G. 343).

209. voltu (abl. of instrument).- altum corde, deep in his heart (locative abl.).

210. se accingunt, gird themselves = make ready: the clothes of the ancients, hanging loose, had to be buckled up for any active task. - praedae, for their prey, i.e. to prepare the feast.

211. costis (abl. of separation).-viscera, properly, the great internal organs, heart, liver, etc., but used in general for the flesh, or whatever soft parts are beneath the skin.

212. pars secant (§ 205, c), see Il. i. 465; Bry. 582.-veribus, abl. of instrument.

214. victu, etc., they recover their strength with food.

215. Bacchi (§ 223; G. 373, R.; H. 409, v.). — implentur, see § III, N.; G. 210; H. 465.

216. exempta, sc. est (see note, v. 36): when hunger had been relieved. For tense see § 324; G. 563; H. 471, 4.

217. requirunt, i.e. inquire of one another.

218. seu credant, ind. quest., of which the direct would be credamus, shall we believe (§ 334, b; G.467; H. 486, ii.), depending on dubii, wavering.

219. exaudire, hear [as they call] from the distance. It is possible that Virgil here refers to the custom of calling the dead (conclamatio) as a part of the funeral rites.

221. secum, by himself: the commander must not show grief in the sight of his men (cf. v. 198).

223. finis, the end of the day, or of the feast.

224. despiciens, looking down upon (Ribbeck has dispiciens, looking abroad). For an ancient representation of Jupiter in a similar attitude see Fig. 43.- velivolum, alive with sails. Latin as compared with