5. The first lines were composed of the richer citizens, whose means enabled them to provide themselves with a complete suit of armour.

6. Those of the second and third classes were less exposed to danger, and therefore needed fewer arms. Those of the fourth and fifth classes were provided only with missiles, and fought from a distance.

7. The names of all those of military age were called over, the order in which each tribe or class was summoned being determined by lot. Those who were the first to volunteer, or who appeared most suitable, were selected, and their names were entered on the muster roll.

8. After the number was complete, the recruits had the military oath administered to them, in terms of which they swore to obey their leaders and never to desert their standards.

XIII.

(The Ablative, continued.)

1. Whether by chance or design, there can be no doubt that the election of Caesar to the consulship caused me much personal loss.

2. Whether he still intends to carry out the evil designs he has formed, or has adopted better principles with his election, I know not; but we must be prepared for the worst.

3. Having been raised to power by the popular vote as a young man, it is not likely that he will free himself from evil associations in middle life.

4. He promised to go with me to Caesar's house, and beg him to spare my brother; but when Caesar threatened him with imprisonment or death, he was too timid to fulfil his promise.

5. Caesar was apparently kind and considerate to every one; but in reality he was much more cruel than Marius.

6. I have always thought that Caesar's talents as well as his virtues were over-rated. Like all successful men, he deemed everything of lower importance than success.

7. To buy cheap and sell dear is the very essence of successful commerce. No trader can make a fortune on any

other principle.

8. Whether it was in summer that he came or in winter, by night or by day, I was always glad to see him. I was on the most intimate terms with him for many years.

XIV.

(The Dative, Ablative, and Genitive.)

1. In spite of the fact that he had conferred the highest honours upon me, I always regarded him with the greatest loathing.

2. Relying on his own resources, indifferent to the sufferings of others, he inflicted punishment on all alike, and preferred making himself obeyed through fear rather than through affection.

3. There is need of haste, you say, rather than of deliberation but those who feel no anxiety, and decide with rashness, will learn when too late that they stand in need of the very things which are essential to success.

4. Pompey was a man of great abilities and conspicuous virtue; but he was destitute of the qualities by which alone in troublous times men can be either attached or controlled.

5. When the authority of the law has once been broken, it is wise for a time rather to give way before the current of the popular will than to attempt to stem it.

6. Having been elected to the consulship, Caesar set out for Gaul, the government of which had been assigned to him by the people for a period of five years.

7. Upon the election of Caesar to the consulship, Cicero felt that the cause of liberty was lost.

8. It is the characteristic of a great general, when he has gained a great victory, to perceive how to turn it to the utmost advantage.

XV.

(Ablative Absolute. See Bradley, liii.)

1. The foundation of the great temple of Jupiter on the Capitol was laid in the reign of Tarquin, but it was not dedicated until the consulship of Brutus and Valerius.

2. When the people of Tarquinii attempted to restore the Tarquins by force, a great battle took place, in which Aruns and Tarquinius perished each by the hand of the other.

3. Cicero, having been persuaded that Caesar would before long take possession of Rome, reluctantly departed from Italy and crossed to Dyrrachium.

4. After the overthrow of the monarchy, the whole of the royal powers, except such as were of a religious character, were transferred to the consuls.

5. Then Pompey, having driven all the fugitives into a wood from which they could not escape, put them to death to a man.

6. Having thus spoken, he persuaded the people to put the prisoners to death without even granting them a hearing.

7. Having lost more than a thousand men, and seeing no hope of receiving reinforcements before the setting in of winter, he reluctantly raised the siege.

8. It was by your advice, and in spite of my most vehement opposition, that the senate agreed to the resolution proposed by Bibulus.

XVI.

(The Genitive.)

1. It is the duty of a magistrate to obey even an unjust law; but he may advise the people, when opportunity offers, to repeal it.

2. In spite of your absence, and the unwillingness of every one to confer fresh distinctions on you, I did everything in my power to advance your interests and those of your family.

3. How few kings there are who really devote themselves to further the interests of their subjects!

4. Is it not a sign of the highest folly to wish to injure an enemy even at the risk of sustaining a great loss oneself?

5. Is it a proof of prudence for a general to inform an enemy of his plans?

6. He was a man devoted to learning, but most unskilled in the management of affairs.

7. Although advanced in years, he showed all the activity of a youth, and after marching twenty miles on foot at once attacked the enemy, and gained a brilliant victory without the loss of a single soldier.

8. Do we value any of our friends more highly than those who have proved their fidelity over a course of many years?

XVII.

(The same, continued. Impersonal Verbs.)

1. Cicero brought an action against Piso for extortion and theft: he was found guilty of extortion and capitally condemned.

2. We all of us repent of those crimes of which we have been proved guilty: how many are there who repent of those which are known to none but themselves?

3. It is both my interest and that of the nation that no man should be convicted of treason unheard.

4. It is of great importance what kind of friends a man makes for himself.

5. After waiting for reinforcements at Veii for ten days in vain, he sent a despatch to the consuls at Rome, imploring them to come to his help at once.

6. I pity all who have to live during the winter at Athens, a city which I myself never intend to see.

7. The year after his departure from Italy he spent six months at Thebes: he was just getting weary of that place when he died, at the age of twenty-nine.

XVIII.

(Pronouns, etc.; see L. P., § 38, and Bradley, xlv-xlviii.)

1. M. Manlius was accused of treason: so also was

P. Clodius Pulcher.

latter was acquitted.

The former was condemned, but the

2. The saying of the ancient philosopher is well known, that you cannot tell whether a man is happy or not before he is dead.