Evolutionary biology

adaptive adaptive radiation allele frequency amino acid ancestor average behavior biological birds bristle cells Chapter characters chromosome cladistic coefficient coevolution common competition copies correlation developmental differentiation distribution divergence Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster ecological effect environment environmental enzyme equilibrium evidence evolutionary change evolved example Figure fitness fossil record function gametes gene conversion gene family gene flow gene frequency genetic drift genetic variation genome genotypes geographic groups habitats heritability heterozygotes heterozygous higher taxa homologous homozygotes homozygous host human hybrid inbreeding increase individual insects interactions Lewontin lineage linkage disequilibrium loci locus males mammals mating mechanisms molecular morphological mutation natural selection neoteny nucleotide occur offspring organisms paedomorphosis pairs parasites pattern phenotype phylogenetic phylogeny plants polymorphism population predators prey proteins pseudogenes random rate of evolution recombination region related species segments sequence sexual similar South America speciation structure survival sympatric taxon theory tion trait transposable elements variance