Triton on the south. The nomad tribes on the east, south, and west, from the Pillars of Hercules to the borders of Cyrene, furnished her abundantly with mercenary soldiers, especially with the splendid irregular cavalry so famous in Hannibal's wars, and were her channels of wealth from the countries bordering on the Niger and the Nile. Her colonies, too, extended all along the coast from Cyrenaica westward; and these, besides their commercial importance, formed so many points of command over the nomad tribes, contributed regularly to the revenue of the mother city, and bore the chief expense of her wars. Out of Africa, Carthage possessed numerous dependencies, or provinces. Sardinia, which belonged to her as early as the year B.C. 509; Corsica, which was also early occupied; Sicilythe western half-which might be marked by a straight line drawn from Himera to Agrigentum; the Balearic. islands, Malta and others less important, and the coast of Spain from Gibraltar to Carthagena.

4. Population. The population of the empire was composed chiefly of three classes :-(i.) The Carthaginians themselves; (ii.) A mixed population of Liby-phoenicians, who occupied and cultivated the soil in the vicinity of the city and colonial towns; (iii.) Native Libyan tribes, partly settled, (whose condition was little better than that of slaves), partly nomad. Of these last mention has already been made. Carthage itself, after all the drain of the war, is said to have contained, a little before its fall, 700,000 people.

5. Government. We have very little information re

specting the constitution of Carthage. The chief magistrates were two suffetes, or kings, who seem to have been elected annually out of some few principal families: these also furnished a senate of three hundred members, and these again a smaller council of thirty principes. Livy, after the second Punic war, speaks of an assembly of one hundred judges, who held office for life, and were powerful enough to overrule all the other assemblies and magistracies of the state. Hannibal passed a law which checked the power of these judges, causing them to be elected for only one year.

CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES.

THE following data will be sufficient to shew the progress of the Roman dominion between the first and second Punic wars.

B.C.

241. Coss. A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus II., Q. Lutatius Cerco.

Conclusion of the first Punic war, on the victory of Lutatius Catulus at the Ægates Insulæ..

[Terms of peace agreed upon between Hamilcar and Catulus. 1. Evacuation of Sicily by Carthage. (This was considered insufficient by the Roman commissioners, who insisted further on the cession of all the islands between Italy and Sicily).

2. Restoration, without ransom, of all the Roman prisoners.
3. Payment by instalments, within twenty years, of 2,200
Euboic talents. (This also was disapproved, and changed
to 3,200, to be paid within ten years).

The chief result of this war was the acquisition of the first
Roman Province-Sicily.]

In Italy, Falerii revolts, and is reduced in six days, and destroyed.

240. Coss. C. Claudius Centho, M. Sempronius Tuditanus.

Spoletium (B. xxii. 9) colonized.

239. Coss. C. Mamilius Turrinus, Q. Valerius Falto.

T

B.C.

238. Coss. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, P. Valerius Falto. Boian and Ligurian war, (end of the Carthaginian war with the mercenaries). Carthage obliged to surrender Sardinia and Corsica, (B. xxi. 1). Hamilcar goes into Spain.

237. Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, Q. Fulvius Flaccus.

Boian and Ligurian war continued.

236. Coss. P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, C. Licinius Varus.

Irruption of Transalpine Gauls into Italy at the invitation of the Boii: in consequence of dissensions with the Boii, they return home.

War with the Ligurians continued, and Corsicans.

235. Coss. T. Manlius Torquatus, C. Atilius Bulbus II. Sardinians rebel at the instigation of the Carthaginians, but are subdued, (xxi. 16, note).

234. Coss. L. Postumius Albinus, Sp. Carvilius Maximus.

War with the Ligurians, Corsicans and Sardinians.

233. Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, M. Pomponius Matho.

Ligurian and Sardinian war.

232. Coss. M. Æmilius Lepidus, M. Publicius Malleolus.
The two consuls carry on the war in Sardinia. Agrarian
Law of the tribune C. Flaminius, (xxi. 63, note).

231. Coss. M'. Pomponius Matho, C. Papirius Maso.
Sardinians and Corsicans subdued.

B.C.

CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES.

ix

230. Coss. M. Æmilius Barbula, M. Junius Pera, (B. xxii,

57; xxiii. 14).

Ligurian war.

229. Coss. L. Postumius Albinus II., (see B. xxii. 35,`

and xxiii. 24,) Cn. Fulvius Centumalus.

First Illyrian war. Illyrians subdued, (see B. xxi. 16, note).

(Death of Hamilcar in Spain; see note, B. xxi. ch. 2). Hasdrubal succeeds him in the command.

228. Coss. Sp. Carvilius Maximus II., Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus II.

Postumius, the proconsul, makes peace with Teuta, queen of the Illyrians. First Roman embassy to Greece. Hasdrubal makes a treaty with the Romans, (see B. xxi. ch. 2, note).

227. Coss. P. Valerius Flaccus, M. Atilius Regulus. Number of prætors increased from two to four.

226. Coss. M. Valerius Messala, L. Apustius Fullo. 225. Coss. L. Æmilius Papus, C. Atilius Regulus. Sardinian insurrection-quelled by Atilius. Combination of Transalpine and Cisalpine Gauls: they are defeated by the Consul Æmilius. Atilius slain in the battle. Q. Fabius Pictor, the historian, who was cotemporary with L. Cincius Alimentus, (see note, B. xxi. 38,) served in this war.

224. Coss. T. Manlius Torquatus II., Q. Fulvius Flaccus II. The Boii submit. Second year of the Gallic war.