tum senatorum and quemque; both depend upon absump

sissent.

4. a. postulatum Latinorum. Livy has already been reminded of this (see above, ch. vi.) by the demand of the Campanians. Before hostilities commenced in B.C. 340, the Latins tried to obtain a union of equality with Rome. They were willing that Rome should be the seat of government, and Romans the name of the united nation, but they demanded that they (the Latins) should always furnish one of the consuls and half the senate. See Bk. vIII. ch. 5.

b. T. Manlius. Livy describes him (Bk. xxII. ch. lx.) as vir prisce ac nimis duræ severitatis. He was a greatgrandson of the old consul who had so fiercely opposed the Latin deputies.

5. vetustissimus. M. Fabius Buteo had been censor with C. Aurelius Cotta in B.C. 241.

XXIII. 1. a. uni. There were always two censors, because previously to the creation of the office, the census was always taken by the two consuls together.

b. et eidem iterum. C. Marcius Rutilus was the only person who ever held the censorship twice; and he brought forward a law in B.C. 265, by which no one could be elected a second time. He was hence called Censorinus.

3. curulem magistratum gessissent. The right of using a curule chair, or chair of state, belonged to the consuls, prætors, curule ædiles, censors, flamen dialis, and dic

tator.

4. a. Ut quisque... creatus erat, "when each of these had been made a member of the senate according to his rank." This seems to be what is meant, but the text is very doubtful.

b. civicam coronam.

This passage would seem to give the highest distinction to the attainment of the corona

civica, though it is usually assigned to the corona obsidionalis. See Dict. of Antiquities.

XXIV. 3. a. comitia edixit quibus...consules crearentur. The dictator issued his edict for the holding of the comitia, and the edict appears to have contained a notice that Gracchus and Postumius would be proposed for election.

b. L. Postumius (Albinus) tertium. in B.C. 234, and again in B.C. 229. Aulus.

He had been consul

Polybius calls him

4. Teanum. There were two places of this name; Teanum Sidicinum on the Via Latina (Bk. XXII. ch. lvii.), and Teanum distinguished by the name of Apulum, on the right bank of the Frento, in Apulia. The former seems to be here meant, (compare ch. xix., xxxii., xlvi.)

XXV. 3. Galliam...omitti. In Bk. xxiv. ch. x. it is said that the imperium of M. Pomponius in Gallico agro was prorogatum for the year 214. Either, then, Gaul had been assigned to him for the year 215, but owing to the want of troops he had not occupied it; or he may have gone thither late in the year.

4. nisi qui stipendiorum legitimorum esset, except for him who should have completed his legal time of service." The disgraced soldiers of Cannæ were to serve in Sicily as long as the war lasted; the others, minimi quisque roboris, draughted off from the dictator's army, were to be allowed to claim their discharge as soon as they had served their full time; i. e. the infantry twenty years, the cavalry ten, each reckoning, of course, the time he had already served.

XXVI. 2. neutri parti virium, i. e. land or sea force.

XXVII. 1. urbem Ascuam. This place is entirely unknown; no other writer mentions it.

4. ad multum diei: see Bk. xxII. ch. lii. § 1, "Spoliis ad multum diei lectis."

XXVIII. 1. a. Himilco. Possibly the same as the Himilco mentioned above in ch. xii., but it is impossible to say positively, nor is it certain whether this Himilco is ever mentioned again.

b. juxta

=

aque: cf. Bk. xxI. ch. xxxiii. § 2.

5. a. castra castris conferrent, in hostile sense, like signa manus, arma, &c. conferre.

b. Hiberam. This city is not mentioned by any other writer. There are some coins extant which seem to place it in the territory of the Ilercaones.

XXIX. 3. equitum Numidas...apponit. "Of the cavalry he stations the Numidians next to the Carthaginian foot, and the rest next to the Africans, on the wings."

4. desultorum. The desultores were riders who, when one horse was tired or disabled, used to leap on to a fresh one which they held by a leading rein. There seems to have been a troop of these desultores in the Carthaginian

army.

6. itaque velut... mori, "therefore like men whose return to their native land turned on the crisis of that battle, they had firmly resolved in their minds to conquer or die."

XXX. 7. in fide, &c. The construction is manserunt ad ultimum in fide erga Romanos et potestatis suæ. The Rhegians "maintained to the last their allegiance to Rome, and their own independence."-Potestatis suæ manserunt, like sui juris esse.

10. quam dictator vovisset. See Bk. XXII. ch. ix.

XXXI. 1. ut, quo...exigeretur, "that with a view to a double tax being imposed that year, one half should be levied at once." See Arn., iii. 177.

2. castra Claudiana super Suessulam. The camp formed by Marcellus, and called by his name. See ch. xiv. § 10, and ch. xvii. § 1.

10. a. in Capitolio. See a description of the Area Capitolina, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Geog., art. Roma, p. 769.

b. item uti municipes...defecisset, "likewise that they should be [considered as] townsmen of Cumæ, reckoning from the day before that on which the Campanians had revolted from Rome." The reason of this resolution follows.

14. vulgoque patres, &c., "and the patricians publicly gave out."-fama ferre, "publish abroad," "spread rumours." See Bk. Iv. ch. 5.

XXXII. 4. a. quibusque in senatu dicere sententiam liceret, e. g. all the curule magistrates.

b. ad portam Capenam. This is one of the old gates whose position is known with certainty. The Appian way, skirting the foot of the Cælian hill on the west, passed out by this gate, and a few hundred yards farther on threw off a branch road,-the Via Latina.

5. gravi tributo. See ch. xxi. § 4.

7. Hasdrubalem, surnamed Calvus, or the Bald, ch. xxxiv. § 8. For the result of the expedition, see below, ch. xxxiv., xl., and xli.

9. primas, "next"=proximas, and is to be taken with kalendas.

XXXIII. 2. incertis adhuc viribus, "it not being cer tain which was the stronger side."

3. Lacinia Junonis templum. See Bk. XXIV. ch. iii.

5. Xenophanes. He was the son of Cleomachus, an Athenian, (Polyb. vii. 9.) Though he escaped this time, he was subsequently captured (ch. xxxiv.) and thrown into prison, after which we hear no more of him,

XXXIV. 2. a. cercyros. Some kind of light bark. It is uncertain whether cercyrus or cercurus be right. If cercurus, 'vox ipsa est conflata a kéркоs et oùрà quæ utraque dictio caudam significat; fortasse quod prælonga esset, et velut in caudam utrimque desineret." Others read cercyrus, а Keрkúра, hoc est Corcyra insula; quasi Corcyræorum propria fuerit."

b. præfectum classis. P. Valerius Flaccus.

5. L. Valerius Antias. We hear no more of him. His cognomen 'Antias' was derived from the colony of Antium.

6. gravitate cæli, &c. The unhealthiness of Sardinia was almost proverbial. It may have arisen from the marshes on the coast, and probably did not extend to the high ground of the interior.

8. armamenta.

See Bk. xxI. ch. 49. § 7.

XXXV. 1. alterius mollitis animis, sc. of the Carthaginians.

3. fallax consilium, i. e. their own.

"Decurrere

5. a. decurrere, "to march at quick step." exercitus dicuntur cum vel in armis aliquantum spatii conficiunt, vel imaginarias pugnas edunt, et in duas divisi partes veri simile prælium committunt ut paratiores sint cum hostibus congredientes." Facc. See Bk. xxiv. ch. xlviii. § 10.

b. ea maxima pars, "they were mostly"

11. medixtuticus.

Medix, or Meddix, is the Oscan for magistrate, and tuticus summus.

XXXVI. 1. in Tifatis. Tifata (now Monte di Maddaloni), a ridge of hills about a mile from Capua. It commanded Capua and the Campanian plain, and was therefore occupied and long held by Hannibal. The name is