double name arises from two legends, one of which ascribes the origin of the city to Hercules, the other to Minos. The more ancient name was probably Minoa, and the name of Heraclea may have been given by Euryleon, the only survivor of the chiefs who followed Dorieus, when he led his colony to Sicily to recover the territory of his ancestor Hercules. (See Herod. v. 46.) The town was situated on the south coast, between Agrigentum and Selinus.

b. nequaquam cum quantis...classem, "with forces greater than those had been with which he had previously kept his fleet at Pachynum."

5. Acrillas. The exact site of Acrillæ is not known; it is not the same as Acræ (ch. xxxvi.), though not far from it; it was not very far from Syracuse, and on the direct road from Syracuse to Agrigentum.

6. a. occupato: by Himilco. See above, § 4.

b. nihil minus ratus, "expecting nothing so little as that," &c.; "thinking of anything rather than that," &c. c. ut quibus...par esset, "thinking himself by no means a match for them with the forces which he had."

XXXVI. 3. classis: genitive. Fifty-five ships of the fleet of the Carthaginians. Another reading supplies præfecto after classis.

4. mediterraneo itinere, "by an inland route."-maritimis locis, "along the coast."

5. simul...sociorum, "at the same time seeing that, by his uselessly staying among them the distress of his allies was only aggravated by his men."-nihil aliud...quam: see Bk. xxIII. ch. iii.

XXXVII. 2. a. Henna. This place, called by Cicero the umbilicus Siciliæ, is situated on a very high and pre

K

cipitous hill, as nearly as possible in the very centre of Sicily. It is said to be one of the most remarkable natural fortresses in the world. In the first Punic war, it was taken by Hamilcar, and retaken by the Romans, but in both cases by treachery. In this war we only hear of it as the scene of the massacre ordered by Pinarius; the modern name is Castro Giovanni.

b. opportunum insidiantibus: see Bk. xx. ch. i. § 7.

66

3. et qui...reponeret, a man who relied more on treachery being impracticable, than on the good faith of the Sicels."

6. a. nece liberorum. The case of T. Manlius Torquatus is perhaps alluded to, who tells his son, "morte tua sancienda sunt consulum imperia." Bk. vii. ch. vii.

b. cujus juris et arbitrii esset, "to whose jurisdiction and decision the matter belonged."-esset, res may be supplied, or perhaps ipse.

7. se vero negare illi missuros. The order is, "illi vero negare (infin. of narration) se missuros."

9. consensum...consilium, "a meeting was agreed upon;" so bellum erat consensum, Bk. 1. ch. xxxii.

XXXVIII. 1. per hos dies, "of late."

3. hæc occulta in fraude cautio est, qua usi adhuc sumus, "the precaution which we have hitherto used is calculated for cases of secret treachery."

9. Ceres mater ac Proserpina. Henna was a sacred place by tradition, for it was from the meadow-banks of a lake hard by among the hills, that Proserpine was carried off by Pluto.

XXXIX. 2. a. et primo sensim...juberent; “and at first gently, and (then) in greater numbers, and at last all with one outcry ordered him to give up the keys."

b. aversam. The soldiers entered the building from behind; the people fronted the Roman commander, and had their backs turned to the soldiers as they entered. See above, ch. iii. § 5.

XL. 2. flumine. The Aous.

4. et quod...impositis. The construction is, "et militibus (quod militum longæ naves non poterant capere) impositis in onerarias (naves)." Militibus may be understood from militum.

XLI. 2. Castrum Album. The exact site is not known; but it was in a great battle with the Vettones that Hamilcar fell (B.c. 229), and they were a people in the west of Spain, between the Tagus and the Guadiana.

4. trans fluvium: the Iberus.

6. uxor her name was Himilce.

XLII. 1. Ad Mundam. The exact site is not known; it was a town of Hispania Boetica, probably near Cordova, Munda was very famous in after times for the victory of Cæsar over the sons of Pompey, B.C. 45.

5. Ad Auringem. Aurinx, or Oringes, was a city in the south of Spain, not very far from Munda.

7. a. gens nata, &c., i.e. the Barcine family, of which in Spain were Hasdrubal and Mago.

b. alii plerique...pugnavere ; "different soldiers for the most part, (yet) since they were on a side so often beaten within a few days, they fought with the same spirit and with the same issue as those in the previous battles." -iisdem animis, i. e. with no better spirit.

10. octavum annum. Livy makes a mistake; reckoning inclusively from the year in which Saguntum was taken,

i. e. B.C. 219, the Carthaginians could only have held it six years.

11. Turdetanos; see Bk. xxI. ch. vi. § 1.

XLIII. 2. censoribus; see ch. xi. § 2.

3. Quæstorem eum; see ch. xviii. § 2.—proximo anno = superiore anno.-ærarium; see ch. xviii. § 4.

8. Ludos scenicos. Ludi funebres are mentioned Bk. XXIII. ch. xxx. Livy assigns an earlier date than others to the introduction of scenic games. According to Valerius Antias (see Dict. of Antiq., p. 749), they were first held at Rome at the Megalesia in B.C. 193.

XLIV. 1. a. eæ binæ erant legiones, "these consisted of two legions each."

b. M. Æmilius ...haberet, i. e. mandatum ut M. Æmilius haberet, &c. Mandatum ut must be supplied from the preceding sentence.

2. provincia vetus. Sicily, west of the Himera.

4. supplemento in alias lecto, "men having been selected to fill up the rest to their full strength."

6. ludibria, "illusions."

8. præter undecim fasces, "past eleven of the lictors."proximum, the lictor next in advance of the consul, the twelfth.

XLV. 2. a. turpius videatur novam referre proditionem proditis olim: "more basely still, seemed to be offering to those whom he had betrayed before, a new act of treachery by way of indemnification." The construction runs, “qui ...descisset...tum videatur."

b. ad Faleriorum...esse: "such a man should be made a lesson for deserters, in addition to the betrayer of Falerii and of Pyrrhus."-Faleriorum; see Bk. v. ch. xxvii.

Pyrrhi; the circumstance is mentioned in the Epilogue of Bk. XIII. The traitor's name was Nicias.

3. a. libera de quoque arbitria agere, "decided on each thing without sufficient reference to the circumstances of the case." Libera has very much the same meaning here as ἁπλῶς.

b. et qui...cogitent. The et has no meaning here; if the text is correct, Livy may perhaps have intended to conclude the sentence with a second et instead of autem, as et documentum dicant statui oportere si quis," &c. Transl.: "who, though their first object and thought should be to prevent, if possible, the allies from revolting, never think about that," &c.

4. desiderata, "longed for in vain." Deserta is more frequently read.

6. missi, sc. to Hannibal.

XLVI. 2. a quingentis fere passibus, "at the distance of half a mile off," i.e. from the town. "When the place from which the distance is reckoned is not specified, the prep. a or ab only often stands before the measure." Madv., § 234, obs.

XLVII. 12. Atrinum. No such place is to be found: other editions have Aternum.

13. a. tenuit: intrans., "continued."

ch. xliv. § 7.

See Bk. xxIII.

b. Salinas, "saltworks."-Portam Carmentalem. This gate, commanding the Via Lata, or Flaminia, was at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, between it and the Tiber. It received its name from the neighbouring temple and altars of the nymph Carmenta, or Carmentis.

c. cum Equimalio. The Equimæliuin was on the Vicus