lection of their achievements in the last twenty years, confidence in themselves and their general, the ill-disciplined state of the enemy, the justice of their cause, the preposterous and arbitrary demands of Rome.

XLIII. 3. habentibus, "whilst we have;" either abl. abs., or it may be a dative.

7. vastis, "waste."

8. circumsesso a Gallis: see ch. xxv.

XLIV. 3. qui Saguntum oppugnassetis: see ch. xxx. 4. quos ne excedamus, "which they command us not to pass."-neque eos, &c., "and yet they do not keep to the bounds which they themselves appoint."

5. Ne transieris...moveris: "you are not to cross the Ebro, nor have anything to do with the Saguntines. Saguntum is as far as the Ebro: you are not to stir from where you are."—ad Iberum est Saguntum is represented by Hannibal to be the interpretation which the Romans gave to ne transieris Iberum.

XLV. 1. Ticinum. The Ticinus (Ticino) rises in the Mont St. Gothard, forms the Lacus Verbanus (Lago Maggiore) not far from the Alps, and, after a course of about sixty miles, flows into the Po. It is very rapid, the banks marshy, and belted with woods and thickets. The Ticinus, from its importance as a barrier to invaders from the northwest, has been the scene of many battles.

2. Victumulis: nothing is known of this place.

3. si falleret. The order is, "precatus Jovem cæterosque deos, ita mactarent se, si falleret, quemadmodum," &c.

4. a. velut...quisque acceptis. Two constructions are confused: (1.) "velut deos auctores in spem suam quisque accepisset;" and (2.) “velut diis auctoribus in spem suam cuique acceptis."

b. id moræ quod, &c.: see ch. v., note, § 9.

XLVI. 6. a. Is pavor, "the alarm caused by this movement," viz., of the Numidian horse on the rear.

b. filii see Polyb. x. 3. :

Africanus was seventeen years old at the time. This is the first notice of him.

XLVII. 3. citeriore ripa: see ch. xxvi. On Hannibal's side, i. e. the right bank of the river.-in secundam aquam: see above, note b, ch. xxvii,

5. a. Magonem: Hannibal's youngest brother. He distinguished himself greatly at Trebia, Cannæ, in Spain, and throughout the war. There is some uncertainty about his death, but Livy says that he died of his wounds while on his way back to Carthage, (B.c. 203).

b. per superiora Padi vada. "Hannibal finding the bridge over the Ticinus destroyed, reascended the left bank of the Po, till he found a convenient point to cross, and then, having constructed a bridge with the river boats, carried over his army in safety." Arnold. Cf. Polyb. iii. 66. 5, 6.

6. a. Ea...fecerint, "that will scarcely be believed by those who are acquainted with this river."

b. ut, &c., "even though we were to grant that," &c. 8. a. sex millia a Placentia: "Apparently to the east of it, cutting off the direct communication with Ariminum and Rome." Arnold.

b. potestatem pugnæ fecit, " offered battle."

XLVIII. 3. ad Trebiam fluvium. Scipio retired "westward, to the left bank of the Trebia, and lay encamped just where the stream issues from the last hills of the Apennines." Arnold.

7. Clastidium (Casteggio); a town and fortress of some strength, about seven miles south of the Po, nearly opposite the mouth of the Ticinus. Its neighbourhood was

famous for the victory of Marcellus over the Gauls, B.C. 222.

8. nummis aureis. The nummus aureus before Augustus is generally rated at a little more than a guinea. The first gold coinage is said not to have taken place before B.C. 207, eleven years subsequent to the present history.

XLIX.-LI. Progress of the war in Sicily and the islands. Before the arrival of Sempronius, three Carthaginian ships, driven by stress of weather into the straits, had been captured by Hiero's ships. The safety of Lilybæum secured by the action of the prætor, M. Æmilius. Arrival of Sempronius; his occupation of Melita. He is recalled by the Senate to join Scipio in the north.

XLIX. 2. a. Liparas (Lipari): the largest of the Eolian islands. It was a favourite naval station of Carthage in the first Punic war, but passed into Roman hands B.C. 251. Lipara was its chief town.

b. insulam Vulcani (Vulcano): the southernmost of the Eolian group. It was also called Hiera, "the sacred island."

c. in fretum, "the straits of Messina."

6. perque omnem oram: coupled to ad civitates. The order is, "legati missi (sunt) a prætore circa ad civitates, &c., perque omnem oram, qui prospicerent," &c.

7. sublatis armamentis, "under sail," lit. "with sails hoisted."

L. 1. ex propinquo vires conferre, "to come to close quarters."

6. nondum gnaris, i.e. iis, qui Messana erant, nondum gnaris ejus, sc. pugnæ.

LI, 3, Viboniensi agro. Vibo (Bivona) was a Greek city

of note on the west coast of Bruttium. There is no mention of it again until after the close of this war.

5. a. extemplo in naves impositum. Polybius (iii. 61) gives a different account; he says that Sempronius took an oath of his soldiers that they would meet him at Ariminum by a certain day. And afterwards (68), it appears that they marched through Italy, and reached Ariminum in forty days after leaving Lilybæum.

b. Ariminum (Rimini): a very important city on the coast of Umbria, a few miles south of the border of Cisalpine Gaul. It became a Roman colony in B.C. 268. As a military post it was of the highest importance, for it was situated just at the point towards Cisalpine Gaul where the Apennines descend towards the Hadriatic, so that it was, in fact, the key to Cisalpine Gaul and the eastern coast of Italy. Its value was soon greatly increased by the two great roads - the Flaminian, opened B.C. 221, from Rome to Ariminum, (for a description of which see Arnold's Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. pp. 58-9,) and the Æmilian (B.c. 187), from Ariminum to Placentia.

c. supero mari: the upper sea, or Hadriatic, opposed to the mare inferum.

LII. 3. per ambiguum favorem, “by espousing neither side."

7. a. Boiorum perfidiam: see ch. xxv.

b. Sempronius. The construction is, "Sempronius censebat primos, qui eguissent ope, defensos esse maximum vinculum continendis sociis in fide."

9. a. unde, i. e. from the Carthaginian camp.

b. major tamen...fuit, "yet on the whole the Romans had the credit of victory." The construction is, "fama victoriæ Romanis major fuit quam (fama victoria) hostium."

LIII. 2. si videant: nos...paventes, Pœnum...fecisse, alike depend upon videant.

3. ne in novos...differretur, "lest the war (i. e. the decision of it) should be put off until new consuls came into office, and lest the opportunity, too, &c., should be lost."— differretur belongs unequally both to bellum and occasio.

LIV. 2. centenos viros: from the infantry and cavalry, a hundred from each.

3. prætorium, the officers who had been summoned to the general's tent.

8. quicquid auræ fluminis appropinquabant, "as they drew near the cold blasts from the river." The construction is Greek.-aura is dat. governed by appropinquabant: quicquid acc. кal' 8 TI.

LV. 4. a. circumdedit peditibus," he posted on the right and left of his infantry."

b. nominis Latini. The socii nominis Latini were not Latins by extraction or geographical position: their states were colonies of Roman citizens, having municipal governments of their own, though subject to the sovereignty of Rome. For a more full account of their restrictions and privileges, see Arnold's Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. pp. 13-17.

LVI. 1. media acie, "from the centre."

2. in orbem pugnare, is "to form a circle and fight." Cæs. B. G. 4. 37, "quum illi, orbe facto, se defenderent." Much the same as to fight back to back.

LVII. 3. a. Cn. Servilius. His cognomen was Geminus. He must be distinguished from the C. Servilius mentioned in ch. xxv. C. Servilius Geminus is unknown before his consulship. Whilst Flaminius (B.c. 217) was occupied against Hannibal, Servilius commanded a large fleet against

D