Sardinia and Corsica, and crossed into Africa, (xxii. 31, 32). Towards the close of 217, he, with his colleague Atilius Regulus, was employed in Italy against Hannibal, but he avoided fighting; he was killed the following year at Cannæ, (xxii. 49),

b. C. Flaminius. This was, no doubt, a popular election, for Flaminius's name was associated with great victories in Gaul. See note, ch. xxv. 1. b.

quæque for quæThe construction

4. a. quæque iis impeditiora erant. cunque. See Bk. XXIII. ch. xi. § 6. is, "Celtiberis Lusitanisque vastantibus" (which must be gathered from the meaning of the preceding sentence) loca quæcunque impeditiora erant his."-iis, "for them." The Celtiberians and Lusitanians ravaged where the Numidian horsemen could not.

b. Pado subveherent, "brought up the Po."

5. quum plurimum...habuisset, "having great hope for the accomplishment of his purpose in concealing his design." The construction is, "quum habuisset plurimum spei ad effectum (ejus) in celando incepto."

10. magis agmina quam acies, " the armies met in marching rather than fighting order."

LVIII. 2. a. includeret: the nominative is ventus, or vento mixtus imber.

b. aversi a vento, "with their backs to the wind." 3. captis quribus et oculis, " deafened and blinded." 4. explicare, "unfold;" referring to the canvas of the

tents.

5. ad alienam...tendere, "each one, unable to help himself, looked to others for help."

LIX, 2. ab Roma: he had gone to hold the consular comitia. See ch. lvii.

10. a. ejus: supply numeri.

b. præfecti sociorum. There were twelve of these in every consular army. In rank they equalled the legionary tribunes.

11. Lucam (Lucca). It lies in a plain at the foot of the Apennines, on the left bank of the Auser, and about twelve miles from the sea.

12. cum iis, i. e. the Ligurians.

LX. 1. Emporiiș (Ampurias): a city just south of the Pyrenees, on the Gulf of Rosas. It was of importance as the first landing-place from Gaul.

3. ad regionis ejus præsidium. See ch. xxiii.

5. Scissis: an unknown town of Hisp. Citerior. Polybius calls it Cissa, (iii. 76. 5).

LXI. 6. Athanagiam. Ch. xxii., note 2.

7. urbe eorum. The principal cities of the Ausetani were Ausa and Gerunda (Gerona); which of these is meant is unknown.

8. pluteos. The pluteus was a kind of shed made of wood, and covered with hides, under which a besieging force made its approaches.-vineas: see ch. vii. note 4.

LXII. 1. a. foro olitorio, "the vegetable market." Forum originally meant any open space before a building; hence, distinguished by an epithet signifying what was sold therein, "a market-place." So forum boarium, "the cattle market," occurs just below.

b. Lanuvii: a city of Latium near the Appian road, about twenty miles from Rome. After the Latin war (B.c. 340) its only importance was the peculiar sanctity which attached to it as one of the chief seats of the old Latin religion. Its temple of Juno Sospita was held in especial

reverence.

c. hastam: the sacred spear in the hand of the statue of Juno.

d. pulvinario, "cushioned seat" or "couch."

e. agro Amiternino: Amiternum was one of the oldest Sabine cities, at the foot of the loftiest height of the Apennines.—hominum specie...visos: "figures were seen at a distance in human shape clad in white garments."

f. Care, or Agylla, was an old Pelasgic city of Etruria, about twenty-five miles from Rome. We hear very little of it in this war. It was one of the cities which furnished Scipio with supplies, (xxviii. 45). The site is now occupied by the poor village of Cervetri.

g. sortes extenuatas, "the divining tickets were found to have shrunk in size." These sortes were small counters, or pieces of wood, which were either thrown like dice, or drawn like lottery tickets, and by the inscriptions upon them, (see lib. xxii. § 6,) or other tokens, were supposed to declare the will of the gods. The sortes of Cære were held in great repute; so were those of Præneste. Divin. ii. 41; Liv. xlv. 44.)

(Cic. de

2. a. libros: the Sibylline books.—decemviri: these were the decemviri sacrorum, who were members of a kind of ecclesiastical college, and were elected for life. Their chief duty was the care of the Sibylline books.

b. novemdiale sacrum: a festival of nine days duration; the usual means of deprecating the anger of the gods on the occurrence of the portent here mentioned. It was instituted by Tullus Hostilius. (B. i. 31.)

3. a. lectisternium: a kind of half feast, half sacrifice, in which the images of the gods were laid on couches, with tables and viands before them, and were supposed to be partaking of the feast. (See B. v. 13.)

b. supplicatio: a supplicatio was either an act of humi

liation in times of danger, or of thanksgiving for success. Here, of course, it was the former.

c. indicta, "announced," "appointed." Cf. inf. Ixiii. 5. c.

LXIII. 1. ad consulem; i. e. Sempronius.

2. a. Huic...Flaminius. The consuls did not, at this time, enter upon their office before the Ides (15th) of March. But Flaminius, for the reasons mentioned, had already left the city, and was at Ariminum superintending the preparations for the next campaign. His province was to be Etruria, and he was to take up the army of Sempronius.

b. tribunus plebis. Flaminius had been tribunus plebis in B.C. 232, when, in spite of the opposition of the Senate, he had carried an agrarian law for the distribution of the Ager Picenus conquered from the Gauls.

c. qui abrogabatur, "which was attempted to be annulled." Flaminius was elected consul in 223, and set out for the war against the Gauls. The Optimates declared the election invalid, on account of a defect in the auspices, and sent to recall him. But Flaminius engaged the enemy and gained a complete victory. After his triumph he laid down his office, but it is not certain whether he was obliged to do so by his adversaries, or whether his time of office had expired.

d. legem. "The object of this bill was to hinder the Roman aristocracy from becoming, like the Venetian nobles, a company of wealthy merchants." Arnold, vol. iii. pp. 56, 7.

e. amphorarum. The size of Roman vessels was measured by the number of amphora which they would contain, as ours are by the tonnage. The amphora was equal to about six gallons.

5. a. Latinarum feriarum. There were three sorts of feria:

38

LIVY.

[B. xxi., ch. lxiii.

—(1.) stativæ, those occurring at certain fixed times; (2.) conceptive, occurring at times not fixed, but appointed every year by the magistrates; and (3.) imperative, those which were held on any great emergencies at the command of the magistrates. The ferie Latine belonged to the second class. It was held on the Alban Mount; its object was the worship of Jupiter Latiaris. The time of its celebration depended on the state of affairs; but the consuls could not take the field until it had been held, (see xxii. 1) thus it was a convenient engine in the hands of the magistrates who had to appoint the time, to promote or hinder proceedings, as they might think them desirable or mischievous.

:

b. consularibus impedimentis: matters requiring the attendance of a consul, and so detaining him at Rome.

6. a. ante: adverbial, opposed to nunc.

b. spretorum, i. e. deorum. Capitolium: the solemn procession to the temple of Jupiter in the Capitol on the day of inauguration.

c. Latinas, the Latinæ feriæ mentioned above. indiceret, "name the day for."

d. paludatus. The paludamentum was the official robé in which the consul, after he had received the imperium, left the city for his province. He could not enter it again until he had divested himself of this dress.