7. stricta, "drawn together," "pinched."

9. quos sibi...apparebat, "It was evident that they had themselves made pits in the ground, and burying their faces in the earth, had suffocated themselves."

10. exspirasset, sc. Romanus, although the change of subject is certainly very harsh.

A brachium

LII. 1. Brachio flumini objecto eos excludit. in military language means any outwork, whether a building or a ditch. Here the meaning is, that Hannibal, by means of some work (probably a ditch) thrown between the camp and the stream, shut the Romans out from the river. Many editions have flumine, and change the order of the words to brachio objecto, flumine eos excludit. If flumini be retained, it must be taken after objecto.

3. pacti...acceperunt. The order of this sentence is very much involved. It seems to be "pacti (sc. Romani) ut arma atque equos traderent, et ut eo pretio persoluto (nempe) in capita Romana trecenis nummis quadrigatis, in socios ducenis, in servos centenis, cum singulis abirent vestimentis, in castra hostes acceperunt." The nummi quadrigati silver denarii, stamped with a quadriga; their value was about 81d. Sometimes the image of a biga was stamped upon the coin instead of the quadriga. See Bk. xxIII. ch. xv.

5. nam ad vescendum facto perexiguo, utique militantes, utebantur. Either, "for they used very little table-plate, especially as they were engaged in active service;" or, as some render it more generally, "for men at that time, especially when engaged in service," &c.

LIII. 1. a. Fabius Maximus, elder son of Fabius Cunctator. We find him prætor in B.c. 214, (Bk. xxiv. ch. ix.) In B.C. 213 he was consul, and his father served as legatus under him, (Bk. xxiv, ch. xliv.)

b. P. Cornelius Scipio, the great Africanus; his name has already occurred, Bk. xxI. ch. xlvi.

c. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. His name will occur frequently in connexion with the war in Sicily in B.C. 215213. He served there first as prætor, and afterwards as proprætor and legatus to Marcellus, (Bk. xxIII. ch. xxiv., XXX., xxxi., and Bk. XXIV. ch. x., xxi., &c.) He was consul in B.C. 212, and undertook the siege of Capua, in the course of which he was wounded in battle, and died shortly after the city was taken.

d. admodum adolescentem. See Bk. xxI. ch. xlvi. note b.

2. L. Cæcilium Metellum. In consequence of his baseness Metelius was afterwards degraded by the censors, (Bk. xxiv. ch. xviii.) He afterwards, as tribune of the plebs, threatened to impeach the censors, but was prevented by the other tribunes, (Bk. xxiv. ch. xliii.)

3. fatalisfato destinatus. See Bk. v. ch. xix.

4. ex mei animi sententia...patiar: "I solemnly swear for myself that I will neither abandon the state of the Roman people, nor permit any other Roman citizen to do so." The form is elliptical: fully expressed, it would be, "ex mei animi sententia precor, ita me dii juvent ut," &c. See Bk. xliii. ch. xv.

LIV. 2. arma quibus deerant dederunt, i. e. dederunt arma (iis) quibus arma deerant.

5. ei, sc. Varroni.

7. salva urbe. The panic was as terrible in the great Gaulish invasion, but then the city itself was taken and burnt.

8. edissertando, "by relating in detail."

9. a. multiplex clades. The defeat at Canne was not merely one more wound in addition to that inflicted on the

state the year before, but a disaster as great as many defeats put together.

b. nec ulla...esse. The construction is changed, and we must supply nuntiabatur.

10. vectigales ac stipendiarios.

2. b.

See Bk. xxi. ch. xli.

LV. 1. a. M'. Pomponius, brother of the M. Pomponius mentioned above, ch. vii.

b. in curiam Hostiliam. "Principes Albanorum in patres ...legit (Tullus),......templumque ordini ab se aucto curiam fecit, quæ Hostilia usque ad patrum nostrorum ætatem adpellata est." Bk. 1. ch. xxx.

2. nondum palam facto, sc. qui vivi quive mortui essent.

4. suæ...expectent. They were to wait at their several homes until some one brought them tidings of the fortune of their friends or relations.

LVI. 1. a. in hanc sententiam pedibus issent, "had adopted this opinion." See Bk. Ix. ch. viii. The expression arose from the practice of the Senate-house,-the members who had not spoken being accustomed to pass over to the benches of those with whom they concurred.

b. nundinantem, "chaffering."

2. sacrum anniversarium Cereris. A festival celebrated with games in the Circus Maximus. The matrons could not appear at this festival except clothed in white; hence on occasions of public mourning it could not be held.

4. Provinciam aliam. Aliam here reliquam. Cf. Bk. VII. ch. xxvi., and Bk. xxi. ch. xxvii. 3. Alius only takes this sense when the contrasted objects together compose one whole.

LVII. 1. qui...præesset, "being in command of,” i, e,

because he was. Perhaps his being so near at hand, and already holding a command, are among the reasons implied.

2. a. uti mos est. Stoning was inflicted by the law of Numa, burial alive by that of Tarquinius Priseus. The offender, stripped of all badge of office, and attired like a corpse, was conducted to the Campus Sceleratus, and there in a small vault, furnished with a couch, lamp, table, and a little food, immured and left to perish. See Bk. VIII. ch. 15; see also Scott's Marmion, canto ii. 23-33. b. scriba pontificis, quos nunc, &c. The scribes or secretaries of the pontifices after a while came to be considered as an inferior order of priests. See Dict. of Antiq., under Pontifex. The relative quos must be referred to some antecedent implied in the preceding clause, as if, e. g. it had been written "ex scribis pontificis quos," &c.

3. Q. Fabius Pictor. See above, ch. vii. 4. a. Gallus et Galla, Græcus et Græca. An oracle had promised the occupation of the city to these nations.

b. jam ante. The sacrifice is said to have been made at the beginning of the last Gallic war. Pliny mentions another which occurred as late as his own time.

6. prætextatos, i. e. below the age of fifteen.

7. a. ex formula. See note d, Bk. xxi. ch. xvii., and Bk. xxvII. ch. x.

b. vetera spolia...detrahunt templis. See Bk. xxiv. ch. xxi. § 7.

8. vellentne militare: hence these were called afterwards volones, Bk. xxIII. ch. xxxv.-et empta publice; et is superfluous.

LVIII. 1. sicut ante. See ch. vii. § 4.

2. quadrigatos. See above, ch. lii, note 4. a. animos, sc. Romanorum,

b. unus ex iis, Polybius tells the same story, vi. 58. So Cic. De Off. i. 13; but Acilius (mentioned by Cic. De Off. iii. 82) wrote "plures fuisse qui in castra revertissent, eadem fraude ut jurejurando liberarentur." See gh. 1xi,

LIX. 4. a. se a Gallis auro redemisse. See Bk. v. ch. xlviii.

b. legatos; C. Fabricius and others. Tarentum. This refers to the famous embassy of Fabricius (B.C. 280), to obtain from Pyrrhus an interchange of prisoners taken in the battle of Heraclea.

c. nec supersumus nisi, &c., "and we survive only because," &c.

7. premendo. See above, ch. xii. § 6.

8. a. nec majore pretio, "and it will not cost more to ransom us than to purchase them,"

b. nam si, "I take only the money view of the matter, for if," &c. Some such thought as this may be supplied. 9. tamen, "notwithstanding all I have urged."

10. me dius fidius. See Bk. II. ch. xxxi. Fidius is a surname of Jupiter, and the whole expression

Fidius servet."

LX. 2. necessitas.

me deus

Either the "ties of relationship,"

b. prædibus ac prædiis. A præs was any one who gave security for another in a civil action; and a prædium was originally any property given in security by a præs. Hence prædibus ac prædiis cavendum populo means that the people were to be secured from loss by bondsmen (sureties) and their property. Such property was usually land, and hence the common acceptation of prædium,