12. genito modo in Italia, "if he have been but born in Italy:" modo throws a stress upon the condition.

VI. 1. per injuriam ademptum. See Bk. vIII. ch. xi. 3. ita renuntiant legationem, " carry back such a report of their interview." renuntiant, sc. domum, i. e. to Capua.

8. a. nimis compar... erat: supply huic postulationi.— Latinorum quondam postulatio: in the great Latin war B.C. 340: see Bk. vIII. ch. v.

b. Calius: see Bk. xxi. ch. xxxviii. § 4, note.

VIII. 4. Epulari cœperunt de die. "De nocte est statim a media nocte, s. multa adhuc nocte, et sic de die statim a meridie, s. multa adhuc die." Ernesti in Clav, Cic.

IX. 1. a. Per ego te... jura. The preposition is often separated from its case, and placed at the beginning of the sentence in earnest appeals. Virg. Æn. iv. 314, and in Greek, Eur. Med. 324.

b. sancti. An obligation of religion is implied in the hospitalis mensa, Two reasons are urged. The attempt to kill Hannibal would be irreligious, and certain to fail.

X. 2. eum postulare ut sibi dedatur, sibi dedatur.

· postulare se ut is

4. in templo magistratuum. Templum (Gr. Téμevos) properly means any circumscribed spot; here perhaps court' or 'bench.'

9. ne aut negando: ne must be taken between et and legatione.

10. Cyrenas. Cyrene, or Cyrenæ, was founded, B.C. 631, by Battus and some Dorian colonists from Thera. Cyrene was made a dependency of Egypt by Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, B.C. 321, and so continued until Apion, the last king of the Egyptian dynasty, B,c, 95, bequeathed it to the Romans,

11. Ptolemæi regis. This was Ptolemy Philopator, who became king in B.C. 222. He was a stedfast ally of the Romans, and furnished them with large supplies of corn in the course of the war. Bk. xxvII. ch. iv.

XI. 1. Q. Fabius. See Bk. xx11. ch. lvii.

3. præda...manubiis...spoliis. Prada is booty of any kind; manubiæ, money realized by the sale of booty; spolia, all that is taken from an enemy.

6. quæque, for quæcunque, as elsewhere.

XII. 1. a. Ad fidem. Cf. Bk. xxI. ch. xiii. § 2.

b. annulos aureos. The custom of wearing rings was of great antiquity. At Rome it was probably as early as the kings. Rings were at first made of iron, but those worn by ambassadors and officers of state were made of gold. In the course of time the use of a gold signet-ring became customary with all senators and equites.

c. modios. The modius was nearly equal to a quarter of a bushel.

4. quo propius spem...sit. See Bk. xxi. ch. i. § 2, "ut propius periculum fuerint qui vicerunt."

5. a. audiamus. Himilco speaks with exultation, looking round upon the assembled senate.-Romanum senatorem: meaning Hanno himself, whom he would stigmatize as a partizan of Rome.

b. aut superbus aut obnoxius, "either overbearing or cringing."

7. luxuriet, The metaphor is derived from corn growing rank, and proving fruitless.

10. ex quinque et triginta tribubus. This number was attained in B.c. 241, by the addition of the Quirina and Velina. It was not afterwards increased,

XIV. 2. a. ut equum escendere liceret,

The reason of

this restriction of the dictator's power was probably that he might not be too much like a sovereign prince.

b. servorum dilectum. Bk. xxII. ch. lvii.

3. Ea sex millia, "six thousand men raised in this way."

6. secunda simulando, "by feigning compliance." See below, § 8, "concedendo plebei senatum ubi velint," &c.

XVI. 7. subsidiaque destinata, &c., "and the force intended to act as a reserve was appointed to guard the baggage."

9. resides factos, "that they hung back."

10. Dum in sua, &c., "whilst the soldiers are hurrying eagerly to their several duties in front."

12. non vinci. Twice before, at least, Hannibal had suffered repulse. See Bk. xxI. ch. lvii., and xxII. xxix.

XVII. 3. continuarentur, 66 were closed up."

7. partem urbis quæ cis Vulturnum est: i. e. on the right bank. But the left bank is naturally the strongest, and the subsequent account of the siege seems to imply that this and not the right was occupied by the Romans.

8. Additur et Perusina cohors. If Livy's numbers are to be depended upon, the whole garrison of Casilinum consisted of a little more than 1,000 men. In ch. xix. the number of the Prænestines is given as 570.

XVIII. 1. a. rem gerere, "to take active measures." b. moliri, "to force."

4. agmine elephantorum opposito. In Bk. xxII. ch. ii. § 6, Hannibal had but one elephant remaining.

6. in hiberna Capuam concessit. This is that famous period in Hannibal's career on which so many declamations have been founded. It is said that indulgence completely disorganized his army, and rendered the soldiers

incapable of their former deeds. Yet their superiority in the field remained as decided as ever. The truth is, that the war now assumed another character, and was henceforward to be maintained less by brilliant victories than by endurance and carefully husbanded resources.

8. insolentia, "disuse."

10. a. sub pellibus, "under canvas."

b. sine commeatibus. Bk. xxI. ch. xxi. § 2.

XIX. 2. a. Tib. Sempronius. He was magister equitum to M. Junius Pera. Bk. xxII. ch. 57.

b. preces...Acerranorum. Acerræ had been taken and burnt by Hannibal (see ch. xvii.), and it could hardly have been restored and re-occupied. By these Acerrans, therefore, we must understand those who had taken refuge in Nola.

3. præcipitâsse se, i. e. a muris.

6. intentiore custodia. A chain is said to have been thrown across.

7. Nuces. Festus derives the nickname (Nucula) by which the Prænestines were known from this circumstance. It probably arose from the abundance and excellence of the nuts of Præneste.

9. a. quidquid herbidi terreni, "all the ground that bore any kind of herbage."

b. raporum...sessurus sum. The act seemed to imply that the garrison had provisions enough to last until the seed produced a crop.

11. minus dimidium, i. e. minus quain dimidium.

XX. 2. non mutaverunt, sc. civitatem suam.

4. Petelinos. The reduction of Petelia is related below, ch. xxx.

6. præsenti fortuna, "as long as the present ill-fortune continued."

H

8. re laxata, either "when the excitement had abated,' or "the matter having been deferred."

XXI. 1. a. P. Furium. See Bk. XXII. ch. xxxv. and lvii. We hear nothing of the engagement in which he received his wound.

b. ad diem, punctually-"to the day."

4. a. quanti argenti opus fuit, "the necessary sum for the pay of the soldiers." The construction is difficult, and only to be explained ad sensum. Quanti cannot, of course, depend upon opus, but with argenti must be taken as a substantive notion, containing a relative with which opus adjectively agrees.

b. mensum. A very unusual gen. for mensium. It is to be found in Ovid Met. viii. 500, and in one or two other places, but it is doubted whether mensium should not be written, and scanned per synæresim.

c. benigne contulerunt. See below, ch. xxxii. § 5, which conveys a different impression.

5. mensarii, bankers, or commissioners of the bank appointed by the State, and as such distinguished from the argentarii, who did business on their own account. They were appointed only in times of distress. The first time that they appear is in B.c. 352, (Bk. vII. ch. xxi.,) when they were quinqueviri; subsequently they were always

triumviri.

6. ædem Concordia. See Bk. xxII, ch, xxxiii,

XXII. 2. a. post L. Æmilium et C. Flaminium censores. In B.C. 220. See Epit. of Bk. xx.

b. quum tantum absumpsissent, "although disastrous battles had taken off so large a number of the senators, besides the several accidents to individual members during the last five years." There is an opposition between tan