Emotion ExplainedOxford University Press, 2005 - 606 pagine What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? This book seeks explanations of emotion by considering these questions. Emotion continues to be a topic of enormous scientific interest. This new book, a successor to 'The Brain and Emotion', (OUP, 1998), describes the nature, functions, and brain mechanisms that underlie both emotion and motivation. 'Emotion Explained' goes beyond examining brain mechanisms of emotion, by proposing a theory of what emotions are, and an evolutionary, Darwinian, theory of the adaptive value of emotion. It also shows that there is a clear relationship between motivation and emotion. The book also examines how cognitive states can modulate emotions, and in turn, how emotions can influence cognitive states. It considers the role of sexual selection in the evolution of affective behaviour. It also examines emotion and decision making, with links to the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The book is also unique in considering emotion at several levels - the neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, behavioural, and computational neuroscience levels. |
Sommario
Introduction the issues | 1 |
12 Rewards and punishers | 2 |
13 The approaches taken to emotion and motivation | 5 |
14 The plan of the book | 7 |
The nature of emotion | 10 |
22 The theory of emotion | 11 |
23 Different emotions | 13 |
24 Refinements of the theory of emotion | 21 |
77 Stimulusbound motivational behaviour | 304 |
78 Conclusions | 305 |
79 Apostasis | 306 |
Pharmacology of emotion reward and addiction the basal ganglia | 308 |
82 The noradrenergic hypothesis | 311 |
83 Dopamine and reward | 312 |
84 The basal ganglia | 321 |
85 Opiate reward systems analgesia and food reward | 352 |
25 Summary of the classification of emotion | 25 |
26 Other theories of emotion | 26 |
27 Individual differences in emotion personality and emotional intelligence | 32 |
28 Cognition and Emotion | 35 |
29 Emotion motivation reward and mood | 36 |
210 The concept of emotion | 37 |
211 Advantages of the approach to emotion described here Rolls theory of emotion | 38 |
The functions of emotion reward punishment and emotion in brain design | 41 |
32 Brain design and the functions of emotion | 43 |
costbenefit analysis | 49 |
34 Further functions of emotion | 51 |
35 The functions of emotion in an evolutionary Darwinian context | 59 |
36 The functions of motivation in an evolutionary Darwinian context | 61 |
37 Are all goals for action genespecified? | 62 |
The brain mechanisms underlying emotion | 63 |
43 Representations of primary reinforcers | 66 |
44 Representing potential secondary reinforcers | 71 |
45 The orbitofrontal cortex | 91 |
46 The amygdala | 149 |
47 The cingulate cortex | 179 |
48 Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression | 187 |
49 Output pathways for emotional responses | 188 |
410 Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory | 194 |
411 Laterality effects in human emotional processing | 200 |
412 Summary | 202 |
Hunger | 221 |
53 The control signals for hunger and satiety | 224 |
54 The brain control of eating and reward | 233 |
55 Obesity bulimia and anorexia | 271 |
56 Conclusions on reward affective responses to food and the control of appetite | 273 |
Thirst | 274 |
62 Cellular stimuli for drinking | 275 |
63 Extracellular thirst stimuli | 276 |
64 Control of normal drinking | 279 |
65 Reward and satiety signals for drinking | 282 |
66 Summary | 286 |
Brainstimulation reward | 288 |
73 The location of brainstimulation reward sites in the brain | 292 |
74 The effects of brain lesions on intracranial selfstimulation | 293 |
75 The neurophysiology of reward | 294 |
76 Some of the properties of brainstimulation reward | 300 |
86 Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion | 353 |
87 Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion | 354 |
88 Cannabinoids | 355 |
Sexual behaviour reward and brain function sexual selection of behaviour | 358 |
92 Mate selection attractiveness and love | 360 |
93 Parental attachment care and parentoffspring conflict | 367 |
94 Sperm competition and its consequences for sexual behaviour | 368 |
95 Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour | 375 |
96 Sexual selection of sexual and nonsexual behaviour | 376 |
97 Individual differences in sexual rewards | 381 |
98 The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexual behaviour | 387 |
99 Neural basis of sexual behavior | 395 |
910 Conclusion | 398 |
Emotional feelings and consciousness a theory of consciousness | 400 |
102 A theory of consciousness | 401 |
103 Dual routes to action | 411 |
104 Content and meaning in representations | 418 |
105 Discussion | 420 |
106 Conclusions and comparisons | 423 |
Conclusions and broader issues | 426 |
112 Decisionmaking | 431 |
113 Emotion and ethics | 445 |
114 Emotion and literature | 449 |
115 Close | 452 |
Neural networks and emotionrelated learning | 454 |
A2 Pattern association memory | 466 |
attractor networks | 483 |
A4 Coupled attractor networks | 491 |
A5 Reinforcement learning | 493 |
Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex a model | 501 |
B2 The model of stimulusreinforcer association reversal | 503 |
operation of the model | 511 |
B4 A model of reversal of a conditional objectresponse task by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 515 |
B5 Evaluation of the models | 517 |
B6 IntegrateandFire model equations and parameters | 521 |
haemodynamic convolution of synaptic activity | 522 |
Appendix C Glossary | 525 |
| 528 | |
| 601 | |
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