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LIST OF VERBS

WHICH ARE

IRREGULAR IN THE FORMATION OF THEIR PERFECT AND SUPINE

CHAPTER XLIV.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

[§ 171.] THE irregularity of the verbs of this conjugation consists chiefly in this, that they take ui in the perfect and itum in the supine, like verbs of the second; which i, however, is sometimes thrown out. It will be seen from the following list* that some verbs, in some form or other, again incline towards a regular formation of their

tenses.

Crěpo, crepui, crepitum, make a noise, rattle, creak.

Compounds: concrepo, make an intense noise; discrepo, differ; increpo, chide, rattle.

Čubo, cubui, cubitum, cubare, lie.

There is some authority for the perfect cubavi, incubavi. (See Oudendorp on Caes., B. Civ., iii., 63.) Compounds: accubo, recline at table; excubo, keep watch; incubo, lie upon; recubo, lie upon the back; secubo, lie apart, and some others. When the compounds take an m before b, they are conjugated after the third, but keep their perfect and supine in ui, itum. (See Chap. XLVIII.)

Domo, ui, itum, tame, subdue.

Edomo and perdomo strengthen the meaning.

Sono, ui, itum, resound. (Participle sonaturus.)

Consono, agree in sound; dissono, disagree in sound; persono, sound through; resono, resound. (Resonavit, Manil., v., 566.)

Tono, ui (itum), thunder.

Attono (active), strike with astonishment (participle attonitus); intono, commonly intransitive, make a sound (participle intonatus); circumtono. Věto, ui, itum, forbid. (Vetavit, only in Persius, V., 90.) Mico, ui (without supine), dart out, glitter.

Emico, ui, atum, dart forth rays; but dimico, fight, makes dimicavi, atum. Frico, fricui, fricatum, and frictum, rub.

Defrico, infrico, perfrico, refrico, are formed in the same way.

* It has not been the object to include in this list every irregular verb, especially compounds, but those only which are necessary in good prose. When no meaning is assigned to a compound verb, it is because the sense is easily discoverable from that of the root and the preposition with which it is compounded.

Seco, ui, sectum, cut. (Part. secaturus.)

Desěco, reseco, cut off; disseco, cut in parts.

Juvo, juvi, support, assist; the supine jutum is rare (see Tac., Ann., xiv., 4); but the participle juvaturus is found in Sallust, Jug., 47; and Plin., Epist., iv., 15.

So, also, the compound adjuvo, adjūvi, adjūtum, in the participle adju turus (Liv., xxxiv., 37), and adjuvaturus, in Petron., 18. Frequentative, adjūto.

Lavo, lāvi, lavatum, lautum, lotum, lavare, wash, or bathe, which is properly lavari.

The infinitive lavere, whence the perfect lavi seems to come, is pre served in old Latin, and is found in poetry, e. g., Hor., Carm., iii., 12, init., mala vino lavere.

Něco, kill, is regular; but from it are formed, with the same meaning, eněco, avi, atum, and enecui, enectum, both of which forms are equally well established, but the participle is usually enectus; interneco has inter

necatus.

From Plico, fold, are formed applico, avi, atum, and ui, itum; so explico, avi, atum, unfold, explain; implico, implicate. Cicero regularly uses applicavi and explicavi; otherwise usage, on the whole, decides in favour of the perfect ui and the supine atum. But those derived from nouns in plex form the perf. and sup. regularly supplico, duplico, multiplico. Of replico, whose perfect replicavi occurs in the Vulgate, replicatus only is in use (replictus is an isolated form in Statius, Silv., iv., 9, 29).

Pōto, drink, is regular, except that the supine usually, instead of potatum, is potum, whence potus, which is both active and passive, having been drunk, and having drunk. Compounds, appōtus, active; and epōtus, passive.

Do, dědi, datum, dăre, give.

Circumdo, surround; pessundo, ruin; satisdo, give security; venundo, sell, are formed like do. The other compounds, addo, condo, reddo, belong to the third conjugation. (See Chap. XLVII.) From a second form duo, we find in early Latin the subjunctive duim, duis, duit, also in the compounds credo and perdo-creduam and credum, perduim. Cic., p. Reg. Deiot., 7: di te perduint. See § 162.

Sto, stěti, stātum, stāre, stand.

The compounds have iti in the perfect; e. g., consto, to consist of; exsto, exist, or am visible; insto, insist; obsto, hinder; persto, persevere; praesto, surpass; resto, remain over and above. Only those compounded with a preposition of two syllables retain ĕti in the perfect, viz., antesto, circumsto, intersto, supersto. The supine, which is mentioned especially on account of the participle future, does not exist in all the com pounds, but wherever it is found it is tum. The supine praestitum of

praesto is certain in late authors only, whereas praestaturus is frequent. Of disto, the perfect and supine are wanting.

The active verbs juro and coeno have a participle with a passive form, but an active signification: juratus (with the compounds conjuratus and injuratus), one who has sworn; and coenatus, one who has dined. From the analogy of conjuratus, the same active signification was afterward given to conspiratus, one who has formed a conspiracy or joined a conspiracy.

CHAPTER XLV.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

[§ 172.] THE irregularity of verbs of the second conjugation consists partly in their being defective in their forms, and partly in their forming the perfect and supine, or one of them, like verbs of the third conjugation. With regard to the first irregularity, there are a great many verbs in this conjugation which have no supine, that is, which not only have no participle perfect passive (which cannot be a matter of surprise, since their meaning does not admit of it), but also no participle future active. (See § 153.) The regular form of the perfect is ui, and of the supine itum; but it must be observed, at the same time, that some verbs throw out the short i in the supine; and all verbs which in the present have a v before eo undergo a sort of contraction, since, e. g., we find cāvi, cautum, instead of căvui, căvitum, from caveo; but this can scarcely be considered as an irregularity, since v and u was only one letter with the Romans. Respecting the lengthening of the vowel in dissyllabic perfects, see § 18. We shall subjoin a list of the regular verbs of this conjugation as exercises for the beginner, confining ourselves to the form of the present.

[blocks in formation]

Mereo, merit.

Moneo, admonish.

Noceo, injure.

Pareo, obey (appear).

Compound: appāreo, appear

Plăceo, please.

Praebeo, offer, afford.

Taceo, am silent.

The partic. tacitus, is commonly an adjective.

Terreo, terrify.

Valeo, am well.

To these regular verbs we may first add those of which we spoke shortly before, viz.:

[§ 173.] (a) Those which make the Perfect in vi instead of vui.

Căveo, cāvi, cautum, cavere, take care.

Praecaveo, take precaution.

Conniveo, nivi, or nixi (neither very common), no supine; close the eyes.

Făveo, fävi, fautum, am favourable.

Foveo, fovi, fotum, cherish.

Moveo, movi, mōtum, move.

Commoveo and permoveo strengthen the meaning; amoveo and submo veo, remove; admover, bring to; promoveo, bring forward; removeo, bring back, or remove.

Păveo, pāvi (no supine), dread.

Hence the compound inchoat. expavesco, expavi, is more commonly used, especially in the perfect.

Võveo, võvi, vōtum, vow; devoveo, devote with imprecation.

Ferveo, fervi, and ferbui (no supine), glow, am hot.

Fervit, fervat, fervere, after the third (comp. Virg., Georg., i., 455, with Quintil., i., 6, 7), is an archaism. The inchoatives of the third conjugation, effervesco, refervesco, have the perfect in vi and bui (vi is more fre quent in Cicero); in confervesco, bui alone is known.

[§ 174.] (b) Those which make the Perfect in evi instead of ui.

Deleo, delevi, deletum, extinguish, destroy.

Fleo, flevi, fletum, weep.

Neo, nevi, netum, spin.

(From Pleo), compleo, complevi, completum, fill up; expleo, impleo.

From oleo, grow, we have the compounds, aboleo, abolish; abolesco, cease; adoleo, adolesco, grow up; exoleo or exolesco, and obsoleo or obsolesco, grow obsolete; all of which have evi in the perfect; but the supine of aboleo is abolitum, of adolesco, adultum, and the rest have ētum: exoletum, obsoletum. Besides abolitum, however, there exist only the adjectives adultus, exoletus, obsoletus.

[§ 175.] (c) Those which throw out the short i in the Supine.

Doceo, docui, doctum, teach.

Compounds: edoceo and perdoceo, strengthen the meaning; dedor. teach otherwise.

Teneo, tenui (tentum, rare), hold, keep.

Abstineo, abstain; attineo, keep occupied by or at a thing; contineo, keep together; detineo, keep back; distineo, keep asunder; retineo, retain; sustineo, keep upright. All these have in the supine tentum. Pertineo, belong to, has no supine.

Misceo, miscui, mixtum or mistum, mix.

Mixtum is better attested by MSS. than mistum. Compounds are, admisceo, commisceo, immisceo, permisceo.

Torreo, torrui, tostum, roast.

To these we may add,

Censeo, censui, censum (participle also censītus), estimate, believe.

Percenseo, enumerate, without supine. Of accenseo, reckon with, we find accensus; of succenseo, am angry, succensurus; and recenseo, examine, makes both recensum and recensitum, the latter of which is, perhaps, better attested.

[§ 176.] (d) Those which make the Perfect regularly in ui, but have no Supine.

Arceo, arcui, arcere, keep off.

But the compounds coerceo, coerce; exerceo, exercise, have a supine in ǎtum.

Calleo, have a hard skin, am skilled in (callidus).

Can deo, shine, glow (candidus).

Egeo, want. Compound, indigeo.

(From mineo), emineo, stand forth. Floreo, flourish.

Frondeo, have foliage; effrondui.

Horreo, shudder, am horrified (horridus).

Compounds: abhorreo, and a number of inchoatives; as, horresco, per

horresco.

Langueo, am languid (languidus).

Lăteo, am concealed.

Compounds: interlateo, perlateo, sublateo,

Mădeo, am wet (madidus).

Niteo, shine (nitidus).

Compounds: eniteo, interniteo, praeniteo.

Oleo, smell.

Compounds: aboleo and redõleo, have the smell of; subolea mell

little.

Palleo, am pale.

Păteo, am open.

Rigeo, am stiff (rigidus).

Rubeo, am red (rubidus).

Sileo, am silent.

Sorbeo, sorbui, sip.

Perf. sorpsi, very rare. Compounds: absorbeo and ersorbes.

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