In the list of verbs of this conjugation it seems to be still more necessary than in the preceding one to include those verbs which, according to Chapter XL., form their perfect and supine regularly. We divide them into sev eral classes according to the characteristic letter which precedes the o in the present, agreeably to the method which has long since been adopted in Greek grammars. [§ 182.] 1. Verbs which have a Vowel before o, including those in vo.

The following have the Perfect and Supine regular : Acuo, acui, acutum, sharpen.

Exacuo and peracuo, strengthen the meaning; praeacuo, sharpen at the end.

Arguo, accuse, convict of (perf. passive in the latter sense usually convictus, from convincere). Argūtus, as an adjective, signifies "clear."

Coarguo, the same; redarguo, refute a charge.

Imbuo, to dip, imbue.

Induo, put on; exuo, strip off.

Luo (participle luiturus), pay, atone for.

Abluo and eluo, wash off; polluo, defile; diluo, refute, are derived from another luo (lavo), and all make the supine in lutum.

Minuo, lessen.

Comminuo, deminuo, diminuo, imminuo, strengthen the meaning. (Nuo, nod, does not occur; from it are formed)

Abnuo, refuse; annuo, assent; innuo, allude, or refer to; renuo, decline; all of which have no supine; abnuo alone has a participle future, abnuiturus.

Ruo (supine ruitum, ruiturus, at least is derived from it: rutum occurs only in compounds, and is otherwise obsolete), fall.

Diruo, dirui, dirutum, destroy; obruo, overwhelm; proruo, rush for ward. Corruo, fall down; and irruo, rush on, have no supine.

Spuo, spit.

Conspuo, spit on; despuo, reject with disgust.

Statuo, establish.

Constituo and instituo, institute; restituo, re-establish; substituo, es tablish instead of; destituo, abandon.

Sternuo, sneeze (without supine); the frequentative ster

nūto is more commonly used.

Suo, sew.

Consuo, sew together; dissuo and resuo, unsew.

Tribuo, allot to.

Attribuo, the same; distribuo, divide; contribuo, contribute.

Solvo, solvi, solutum, loosen.

Absolvo, acquit; dissolvo, dissolve; exsolvo, release; persolvo, pay Volvo, roll (frequentative voluto).

volvo, unroll; involvo, roll up; pervolvo, read through.

The following are without a Supine:

Congruo, congrui, agree, and ingruo, penetrate. The simple verb (gruo or ruo?) does not exist.

Metuo, metui, fear. (Timeo, likewise without supine.) So Priscian. But metutum occurs in Lucret., v., 1139. Pluo, pluvi, usually impersonal, it rains. Priscian knows only the perfect plui, which often occurs in Livy. Charisius mentions pluxi. Impluvi or implui are doubtful. The comp. compluo and perpluo do not occur in the fect.

The following are irregular:

[§ 183.] Capio, cepi, captum, capere, take hold of.

per.

The compounds change ă into i, and in the supine a into e, except antecapio. Accipio, receive; excipio, receive as a guest, succeed; recipio, recover; suscipio, undertake; decipio, deceive; percipio, comprehend; praecipio, give a precept.

Făcio, feci, factum, do, make.

Arefacio, dry up; assuefacio and consuefacio, accustom; calefacio and tepefacio, warm; frigefacio, cool; labefacio, make to totter; patefacio, open; satisfacio, satisfy. These have, in the passive, fio, factus sum, -fieri. But those which change a into i form their own passive in-ficior, and make the supine in -fectum: afficio, affect; conficio and perficio, complete; deficio, fall off, am wanting; interficio, kill; proficio, make progress; reficio, revive, repair; officio, stand in the way, injure. Confit, confieri, however, is used as a passive of conficio, but only in the third person, and not by Cicero. Defit, it is wanting, is common in the comic writers.

Other compounds of facio follow the first conjugation: amplifico, sac rifico, and the deponents gratificor, ludificor.

Jăcio, jeci, jactum, throw.

The compounds change ă into, and in the supine into e, except superjacio, of which, however, superjectum also is found. Abjicio, throw away; adjicio, add; dejicio, throw down; ejicio, throw out; injicio, throw in; objicio, throw against; rejicio, throw back; transjicio or trajicio, throw or carry across. These compounds are sometimes found with instead of ji: abicere, inicere, reicere (in the last ei is a diphthong in Virg., Ecl., iii, 96: a flumine reice capellas); and this pronunciation was with the ancients much more frequent, or, perhaps, the common one, for in MSS. it is written so almost everywhere; and Priscian mentions a form

Co as synonymous with jacio. No certain conclusion, however, can be come to, as the most ancient MSS., such as the Codex Mediceus of Virgil, have a simple i where the length of the preceding syllable shows the existence of the consonant j.

[§ 184.] The following have x in the Perfect:

(From the obsolete lacio, entice, of which lacto is the frequentative), allicio, exi, ectum, allure; illicio, entice in; pellicio, lead astray; but elicio makes elicui, elicitum, draw

out.

(From specio, xi, ctum, see, of which the frequentative is specto), aspicio, exi, ectum, look on; conspicio, the same; despicio, look down, despise; dispicio and perspicio, understand; inspicio, look into; respicio, look back, suspicio, look up, reverence.

Fluo, fluxi, fluctum, flow.

Affluo, flow in; confluo, flow together; effluo, flow out; interfluo, flow between.

Struo, struxi, structum, build, pile.

Construo and exstruo, build up; destruo, pull down; instruo, set in order.

Vivo, vixi, victum, live.

[§ 185.] Other Irregularities.

Fodio, fodi, fossum, dig.

Effodio, dig out; confodio and perfodio, dig, pierce through; suffodio, undermine.

Fugio, fugi, fugitum, flee.

Aufugio and effugio, flee away, escape; confugio and perfugio, take refuge.

Cupio, -īvi, -itum, desire.

Discupio, percupio, strengthen the meaning.

participle concupiens, otherwise concupisco.

Rapio, rapui, raptum, rob, snatch.

Concupio only in the

Arripio, arripui, arreptum, seize; abripio and eripio, snatch away; deripio, plunder; surripio, steal clandestinely.

Părio, pepĕri, partum, bring forth. (But the particip. fut. act. pariturus.) Lucretius has pariri.

Quatio (quassi is not found), quassum, shake.

Concutio, ussi, ussum, shake violently; discutio, shake asunder; excutio, shake out, off (fig. examine); incutio, drive into; percutio, strike; repercutio, rebound.

Săpio, ivi and ui (no supine), am wise.

Desipio (without perfect), am foolish; resipio, have a taste of, or be come wise again.

(From the obsolete present coepio), coepi and coeptus sum, coeptum (coepere), have begun. See § 221.

CHAPTER XLVII.

[§ 186.] 2. VERBS IN "DO" AND

The following are regular:

Claudo, clausi, clausum, claudere, close.

"TO."

Concludo, shut up, conclude; excludo and secludo, shut out, include, shut in, are all derived from a form cludo which is still in use. Divido, divisi, divisum, divide.

Laedo, injure.

Allido, strike against; illido, strike upon; collido, strike together elido, strike out.

Ludo, sport.

Colludo, play with; allūdo, play upon; eludo, deludo, and illudo, ridicule.

Plaudo, si, sum, clap.

Applaudo, applaud. The other compounds (with a different pronunciation) have -ōdo, -ōsi, -ōsum; as, explodo, explode; complodo, clap the hands; supplodo, stamp with the feet.

Rūdo, shave, scrape; so in abrādo, circumrādo, derãdo, erado; corrado, scrape together.

Rōdo, gnaw.

Abrodo and derodo, gnaw off; arrodo, nibble; circumrodo, nibble all round; perrodo, gnaw through.

Trūdo, thrust, with its compounds; detrudo, thrust down; extrudo, thrust out; protrudo, thrust forward. Vado (no perfect or supine), go.

But evado, evasi, evasum, escape; invado, attack; pervado, go through. [§ 187.] The following are irregular:

(a) With a Reduplication in the Perfect.

Cădo, cecidi, cāsum, fall.

Of the compounds, these have a supine: incido, incidi, incāsum, fall in or upon; occido, set; recido, fall back. The rest have none: concido, sink together; decido, fall down; excido, fall out of; accidit, it happens (used most commonly of a misfortune).

Caedo, cecidi, caesum, cut.

Abscido, abscidi, abscisum, cut off; concido, cut to pieces; incido, cut into; occido, kill; recido, cut away. So decido, excido, praecido, and

others.

Pedo, pepēdi (peditum), πépdɛolar.

Pendo, pependi, pensum, weigh.

Appendo, appendi, appensum, weigh out to; expendo, spend, also con sider, like perpendo; suspendo, hang from; dependo, pay; impendo, employ upon or in something. See § 179.

Tendo, tetendi, tensum and tentum, stretch.

Extendo, ostendo, protendo, and retendo have both supines; but ex- and protentum are more frequent; but ostensum. Retentus is found only in Ovid, Metam., iii., 166, retensus only in Phaedrus, iii., 14, 5. Detendo has detensus, in Caes., B. C., iii., 85: this participle does not elsewhere occur. The other compounds have only tum in the supine: attendo (sc. animum), attend; contendo (sc. me), strive; distendo, separate, or enlarge by stretching; intendo, strain; obtendo and praetendo, commonly used in the figurative sense of alleging; subtendo, stretch beneath.

Tundo, tutŭdi, tunsum and tūsum, beat, pound.

The compounds have only tusum; contundo, contudi, contusum, pound small; extundo (figurative), elaborate; obtundo and retundo, blunt. Credo, credidi, creditum, believe.

Accredo, accredidi, give credit to.

The compounds of do, except those mentioned in § 171. Condo, condidi, conditum, build, conceal; abdo, abdidi, hide. So addo, add; dedo, give up; edo, give out, publish; perdo, ruin, lose; reddo, give back, render, with an adjective of quality; trado, deliver; vendo, sell. (The passive vendi, except the participles venditus and vendendus, is rare, and occurs only in late writers; venire is used instead. See § 215. But abscondo appears in the perfect more frequently without the reduplication, abscondi, than with it, abscondidi.)

[§ 188.] (b) Making di in the Perfect, and sum in the Supine.

Accendo, incendo, succendo, -cendi, -censum, light, kindle. Cūdo, forge.

Excudo and procūdo, fashion, hammer out.

Defendo, defend, ward off.

Edo, eat. See § 212.

Exědo and comedo, -ēdi, -ēsum (but also comestus), consume. Ibid. Mando (perfect very rare), chew.

Offendo, offend.

Prehendo, seize; in early times frequently contracted into prendo.

Apprehendo, comprehendo, lay hold of (figurative), understand; deprehendo, detect, seize in the fact; reprehendo, blame.

Scando, climb.

Ascendo and escendo, climb up; descendo, descend; conscendo and inscendo, mount, embark.

Strido (also strideo), strīdi (no supine), grate, make a harsh noise.

Fundo, fudi, fusum, pour.

Diffundo, pour out, spread abroad; offundo, pour over; profundo, waste; affundo, confundo, effundo, infundo.

[§ 189.] (c) Other Irregularities, especially that of a double s in the Supine.

Cedo, cessi, cessum, yield, go.

Abscedo, go away; accedo, go to; antecedo, surpass; concedo, give way; decedo, go away; discedo, separate myself; excedo, go out; incedo, march