intercedo, come between, interpose; recedo, retreat; succedo, come into one's place. Findo, fidi, fissum, split. Scindo, scidi, scissum, cut. Conscindo, conscidi, conscissum, tear to pieces; e. g., vestem, epistolam, discindo, interscindo (e. g., pontem), perscindo, and proscindo have similar meanings. Rescindo, annul. Respecting the forms of abscindo, cut off, and exscindo, destroy, there is considerable doubt. According to Gronovius on Livy, xliv., 5, and Drakenborch on Silius Ital., xv., 473, two analogous formations are now generally distinguished: abscindo, abscidi, abscissum, and exscindo, exscidi, exscissum; and abscissum and excissum are said to occur where the present is abscindo, exscindo; but abscisum and But this supexcisum where abscido and excido are derived from caedo. position is contradicted by usage; for we find, e. g., urbes excise, although exscindere urbem is a frequent expression; and all the MSS. of Horace, Serm., ii., 3, 303, have caput abscisum, although we may say abscindere caput. In short, our opinion is, that the forms abscissum and exscissum do not exist at all, because in pronunciation they are the same as abscisum and excisum, from abscidere and excidere, whose signification is not very different; and, moreover, that the perfect exscidi, also, is not founded on any authority, since the s by which it is distinguished is not heard in pronunciation, and is better not introduced in writing. Respecting the pronunciation and orthography, see § 6, and Chap. LXVI. Thus there remain only abscindo, abscidi, abscindere, and excindo, excindere. Frendo (the perfect does not occur), fressum and fresum, gnash with the teeth; also frendeo, frendere. Měto, messui, messum, cut, reap. Deměto, cut off. The perfects messui and demessui are not common; in the sense of reaping, messem feci is more commonly used. Mitto, misi, missum, send. Admitto, admit, commit; amitto, lose; committo, intrust, commit a fault; demitto and dimitto, dismiss; emitto, send forth; immitto, send in, against; intermitto, omit; omitto and praetermitto, leave out; permitto, permit; promitto, promise; remitto, send back; submitto, send up, send aid. Pando, pandi, passum (pansum rare), spread abroad. Appěto and expěto, strive for; oppeto, encounter; repeto, repeat, seek again; competo, meet together, correspond. Sido (the perfect and supine usually from sedeo), sit down. The compounds, too, usually take the perfect and supine from sedeo: consido, consēdi, consessum; so assido, seat myself beside; subsido, sink; insido, sit upon; desido and resido, seat myself down. But the form sidi cannot be entirely denied, either in the simple verb or its compounds. Sisto, stiti (obsolete), stătum, stop (whence status), but sisto, in a neutral sense, makes the perfect and supine from stare. The compounds are all intransitive, and have stiti, stītum; subsisto, substiti, substitum, stand still; absisto (no supine) and desisto, desist; as sisto, place myself beside; consisto, halt, consist; existo, come forth (perf. exist); insisto, tread upon; obsisto and resisto, resist; persisto, per sist. Those compounded with dissyllabic prepositions may make the perfect in steti, e. g., circumstěti in Suet., Caes., 82; Tacit., Ann., xiii., 52. Sterto, stertui (no supine), snore; the perf. sterti rests on the authority of the old reading in Öv., Her., viii., 21. Verto, verti, versum, turn. Adverto and converto, turn towards; animadverto (animum adverto), turn attention to; averto, turn from; everto, destroy; perverto and subverto, overturn. Deverto, turn in to a house of entertainment; praeverto, anticipate and reverto, turn back; are used in the present, ímperfect, and future as deponents more commonly than as actives. Fido, fisus sum, fidere, trust. So confido, confide; diffido, distrust; which have rarely confidi, diffidi, in the perfect. CHAPTER XLVIII. [§ 190.] 3. VERBS IN "BO" AND Regular are: "PO." Glubo (glupsi), gluptum (at least, degluptum is found), glubere, peel. Nubo, cover, am married (applied only to the female), participle nupta, one who is married. Obnubo, cover over. Scribo, write. Describo, copy; adscribo, inscribo, praescribo, &c. Carpo, pluck. Concerpo and discerpo, tear asunder; decerpo, gather. Rēpo, creep. Arrëpo, creep up to; irrepo, obrepo, subrepo, prorepo. Scalpo, grave with a pointed tool, or scratch with the fin ger. Sculpo, work with the chisel. Exculpo, cut out; insculpo, engrave. Serpo, creep. [§ 191.] The following are irregular: The compounds of cubare, to lie, which take an m with a change of meaning; those which do not change the simple cubare denote "to lie;" the compounds of the 3d Conjugation commonly signify "to lay one's self down." Accumbo, -cubui, -cubitum, recline at table; incumbo, lean upon, apply to something; procumbo, lie down; succumbo, fall under; occumbo (suppl. mortem), die. Lambo, lambi (lambitum, Priscian), lambere, lick. Abrumpo, break off; erumpo, break out; corrumpo, destroy; interrumpo, interrupt; irrumpo, break in; perrumpo, break through; prorumpo, break forth. Scăbo, scabi, scabere, scratch with the finger. 66 CHAPTER XLIX. [§ 192.] 4. VERBS WITH A PALATAL LETTER, "G, C, CT, H, QU," AND 'GU" (IN WHICH "U" IS NOT CONSIDER ED AS A VOWEL), BEFORE "o." Regular are: Cingo, cinxi, cinctum, cingere, gird, surround. Accingo, in the passive, or me, has the same meaning; discingo, ungird, and others. From figo, which rarely occurs, are formed: Affligo, strike to the ground; confligo, fight; infligo, strike upon. Pro fligo belongs to the first conjugation. Frigo (supine regular, frictum, rarely frixum), roast, parch. Jungo, join. Adjungo and conjungo, join to, with; disjungo and sejungo, separate⚫ subjungo, annex. Lingo, lick. (Hence ligūrio or ligurrio.) Mungo, blow the nose (rare); emungo. Plango, beat, lament. Rego, rule, guide. Arrigo, arrexi, arrectum, and erigo, raise on high; corrigo, amend; dirigo, direct; porrigo, stretch out. Pergo (for perrigo), perrexi, perrectum, go on; surgo (for surrigo), surrexi, surrectum, rise; and hence assurgo, consurgo, exurgo, insurgo. Sūgo, suck, exugo. Těgo, cover. Contego and obtego, cover up; detego and retego, uncover; protego, pro tect. Tingo or tinguo, dip, dye. Ungo or unguo, anoint. Perungo strengthens the meaning; inungo, anoint. Stinguo, put out (has no perfect or supine, and is of rare occurrence). Compounds: extinguo and restinguo, -inxi, -inctum; so distinguo and instinguo, though from a different root, the Greek ori. Only the par ticiple instinctus is used in the sense of "spurred on, inspired," and no other tense is found (otherwise instigare is used). Trăho, draw. Pertraho strengthens the meaning; attraho, contraho, detraho, extraho, protraho, retraho; subtraho, withdraw secretly. Věho, carry (active); frequent., vecto, -as. Advěho, carry to; inveho, carry or bring in. The passive of this verb vehor, vectus sum, vehi, is best rendered by a neuter verb of motion. So circumvěhor, travel round; praetervĕhor, sail past; invěhor, inveigh against. These verbs, therefore, are classed among the deponents. Dico, say. Addico, adjudge; contradico, edico, indico; interdico, forbid; praedico. Duco, guide, lead, draw. Abduco, adduco, circumduco; conduco, hire; deduco, diduco, educo, induco, introduco, obduco, perduco, produco, reduco; seduco, lead aside; subduco, traduco. Coquo, coxi, coctum, dress. Concoquo, digest; decoquo, boil down, squander. [§ 193.] Irregular in the Supine, throwing out n, or assuming x. Fingo, finxi, fictum, feign. Confingo, the same; affingo, falsely ascribe; effingo, imitate; refingo, fashion anew. Mingo (a more common form of the present is meio), minxi, mictum, make water. Pingo, pinxi, pictum, paint. Depingo, represent by painting; appingo, expingo. Stringo, strinxi, strictum, squeeze together. Astringo, draw close; constringo, draw together; destringo, draw out; distringo, draw asunder; obstringo, bind by obligation; perstringo, ridicule. Figo, fixi, fixum, fasten. Affigo, affix; transfigo, pierce through. Verbs in cto, in which t only strengthens the form of the Present. Flecto, flexi, flexum, bend. Comp. inflecto. Pecto, pexi, pexum, comb. Plecto, without perfect and supine, from the Greek ańoow, strike; usually only in the passive, plector, am punished, smart for. Another plecto, from the Greek λéкw, twist, is obsolete as an active, but forms the foundation of the deponents: amplector, complector; participle am. plexus, complexus. Of ango, anxi, torment; and ningo, ninxi, snow, no supine is found. Of clango, ring loudly, neither perfect nor supine; ac cording to analogy, the former would be clanxi. [§ 194.] The following are irregular in the formation of the Perfect: (a) Taking a Reduplication. Parco, peperci, parsum, spare; parsi is rare, ism; parcitum is uncertain. and an archa The distinction is commonly made, that, in the sense of sparing life, health, peperci, parcitum, in that of sparing money, parsi, parsum, are used; but the distinction cannot be carried out, for the sense is, in fact, the same, viz., to consume as little as possible of anything. Parco or comparco, -parsi or persi, -parsum, to accumulate by saving, with the accus., occurs, indeed, in comedy; but this use of the word is very rare, and does not seem to have been common in ordinary life, where other expressions were used, such as pecuniam facere, or in futuros usus colligere, and retained its dative and its ordinary meaning. parco Pungo, pupugi, punctum, pierce. The compounds have in the perfect punxi; as, compungo, dispungo, and interpungo, distinguish with points. Tango, tetigi, tactum, touch. Attingo and contingo, -tigi, -tactum, touch; contingit, contigit; obtingit, obtigit (as impersonals), it falls to the lot; usually in a good sense. Pango, in the sense of strike, drive in, panxi, (obsolete pegi), panctum; in the sense of bargain, pepigi, pactum. In this sense paciscor is employed in the present. The compounds have pēgi, pactum; as, compingo, fasten together; impingo. So, also, oppango, oppēgi, strike upon. Of depango and repango, the perfect and supine are found in the classics. [§ 195.] (b) Without changing the Characteristic Letter. Ago, ēgi, actum, agere, drive. Cogo (coago), coēgi, coactum, drive together, force; perago, carry through; abigo, drive away adigo, exigo, redigo, subigo, transigo. Prodigo, -egi (without supine), squander; ambigo, am irresolute, doubt, and satago (satis ago), am busy, are both without perfect and supine. Dego, degi (rare), no supine, spend (vitam, aetatem). Frango, fregi fractum, break. Confringo and perfringo strengthen the meaning; effringo and refringo, break open Lego, legi, lectum, read. (But lego, as, send off.) So perlego, praelego, with those changing ĕ into i; as, colligo, deligo, eligo, and seligo, are conjugated. But diligo, intelligo (obsolete intellego), and negligo (obsolete neglego), have -exi in the perfect. The perfects intellēgi and neglēgi are uncertain or unclassical. Ico or icio, ici, ictum, strike, in connexion with foedus. Priscian (p. 877 and 886) mentions both forms, but |