Velitor, skirmish with light troops. Verecundor, feel shame at doing. Urinor, dip under water (to void urine is urinam facere or reddere). Note. We must here notice some verbs which are commonly used as actives, but by some writers, and of good authority, as deponents also. Such are: communicor, commurmuror (Cic., in Pis., 25), fluctuor, fruticor (Cic.), lacrimor, luxurior, nictor. Velificor, in the figurative sense of striving after, is used by Cicero as a deponent, but in the primary sense of "sailing" it is much more usually active. Adulor, arbitror, criminor, and more especially dignor, are used by Cicero as passives, as well as deponents, throughout, and not merely in the participle, as is the case with many others. See the Chapter on the Participle, in the Syntax. CHAPTER LV. [§ 208.] DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Fateor, fassus sum, fateri, acknowledge. Confiteor, confessus sum, the same, but usually, confess a crime; profiteor, profess; diffiteor (no participle), deny. Liceor, licitus sum, with the accus., bid at an auction. Mědeor, without a participle, for which medicatus, from medicari, is commonly used. *Mereor, meritus sum, deserve. The active is used in the sense of serving or earning, as merere stipendia; but the forms are not kept distinct. Commereor, demereor, promereor, have the same meaning. Misereor, miseritus or misertus sum, pity. Respecting the impersonal verb miseret or miseretur me, see § 225. Reor, ratus sum, reri, think. Tueor, tuitus sum, look upon, fig. defend. Contueor, intueor, look upon. There was an old form tuor, after the third conjugation, of which examples are found in the comic writers and in Lucretius; and in Nep., Chabr., 1, 3, intuuntur is found for the common intuentur. The adject. tutus is derived from the form tuor. Vereor, veritus sum, fear. Revereor, reverence; subvereor, slightly fear. CHAPTER LVI. [§209.] DEPONENTS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. FROM the obsolete apiscor, aptus sum, apisci, are derived : Adipiscor, adeptus sum, and indipiscor, obtain. Expergiscor, experrectus sum, expergisci, awake. The verb expergefacere signifies to awaken, whence expergefactus, awakened. Expergo, with its participle expergitus, is obsolete. Fruor, fructus and fruitus sum, frui, enjoy. (Particip. fruiturus). Perfruor, perfructus sum, strengthens the meaning. Fungor, functus sum, fungi, perform, discharge. Defungor, perfungor, completely discharge, finish. Gradior, gressus sum, grădi, proceed. Aggredior, aggressus sum, aggredi, assail; congredior, meet; digredior, depart; egredior, go out of; ingredior, enter on; progredior, advance; regredior, return. Įrascor, irasci, properly an inchoative, grow angry; iratus sum means only, I am angry. I have been or was angry may be expressed by succensui. Labor, lapsus sum, lābi, fall. Collabor, sink together; dilabor, fall in pieces; prolabor, fall down; delabor, relabor. Loquor, locutus sum, loqui, speak. ́Alloquor, address; colloquor, speak with; eloquor, interloquor; obloquor, speak against, revile. (From the obsolete miniscor), Comminiscor, commentus sum, comminisci, devise, imagine (the participle commentus usually in a passive sense, feigned); reminiscor, reminisci, has no perfect; recordatus sum is used instead of it. Morior, mortuus sum (participle future, moriturus), mori, die (moriri is obsolete, but still occurs in Ovid, Metam., xiv., 215). Emorior, commorior, demorior. Nanciscor, nactus sum, nancisci, obtain. The participle is also found written nanctus, as in many passages of Livy. Nascor, natus sum, nasci (nasciturus only in late writers), am born; passive in sense, but without an active. was originally gnascor, and the g reappears in agnatus, cognatus. Enascor, innascor, renascor. Nitor, nisus or nixus sum, nīti, lean upon, strive. It Adnitor, strive for; connitor and enitor, exert myself; in the sense of "bring forth," or "give birth," enixa est is preferable; obnitor, strive against. Obliviscor, oblitus sum, oblivisci, forget. Paciscor, pactus sum (or pepigi), make a bargain. Comp. compaciscor, depaciscor, or compeciscor and depeciscor, compactus, depactus sum, whence the adverb compacto or compecto for ex or de compacto, according to contract. Pascor, pastus sum, feed; intransitive. Properly the passive of pasco, pavi, pastum, give food; see above, Chap. LI. Patior, passus sum, păti, suffer. Perpetior, perpessus sum, perpēti, endure. (From plecto, twine), Amplector and complector, complexus sum, embrace. Proficiscor, profectus sum, proficisci, travel. Queror, questus sum, quĕri, complain. Conqueror, lament. Ringor, ringi, grin, show the teeth, whence rictus. Assequor and consequor, overtake, attain; exequor, execute; insequor, follow; obsequor, comply with; persequor, pursue; prosequor, attend; subsequor, follow close after. Vehor, see § 192. Vescor, vesci, eat. Edi is used as the perfect. Ulciscor, ultus sum, ulcisci, revenge, punish. Abūtor, abuse; deutor only in Nepos, Eum., 11. Devertor, praevertor, and revertor, see under verto. They take their perfects from the active form: reverti, reverteram, revertissem; only the participle reversus is used in an active sense, one who has returned. Reversus sum for reverti is very rare, but occurs in Nep., Them., 5; Vell., ii., 42; Quintil., vii., 8, 2; xi., 2, 17, and other less classic authors, but never in Cicero. CHAPTER LVII. [§ 210.] DEPONENTS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. Assentior, assensus sum, assentiri, assent. (As an active, assentio, assensi, assensum, assentire, it is not so common; see above, § 206.) Blandior, blanditus sum, blandiri, flatter. Experior, expertus sum, experiri, experience, try. Comperior, am informed, is used only in the present tense, along with comperio; the perfect, therefore, is comperi. Largior, largitus sum, largiri, give money; dilargio, distribute money. Mentior, mentitus sum, mentiri, lie; ementior, the same. Metior, mensus sum, metiri, measure. Dimetior, measure out; emetior, measure completely; permetior. Molior, molitus sum, moliri, move a mass (moles); plan. Amolior, remove from the way; demolior, demolish, and others. Opperior, oppertus sum, in Terence, and opperitus sum iò Plautus, opperiri, wait for. Ordior, orsus sum, ordiri, begin. Exordior, the same; redordior, begin over again. (The partic. fut. pass. oriundus has a peculiar signification "descended" from a place or person.) The present indicat. follows the third conjugation: orĕris, oritur orimur. In the imperf. subjunct. both forms orerer and orirer are found. See Liv., xxiii., 16; Tac., Ann., ii., 47; comp. xi., 23. So, also, the compounds coorior and exorior (exoreretur in Lucretius, ii., 506); but of adorior, undertake, the forms adoriris and adoritur are cer tain, whereas adorĕris and adoritur are only probable; adoreretur is com monly edited in Sueton., Claud., 12. Partior, partitus sum, partiri, divide (rarely active). Dispertior, dispertitus sum (more frequently active), distribute'; imper tior (also impertio, impartio, impartior), communicate. Potior, potitus sum, potiri, possess myself of. It is not uncommon, especially in the poets, for the present indicative and the imperfect subjunctive to be formed after the third conjugation; potitur, potĭmur, poteretur, poteremur. Sortior, sortitus sum, sortiri, cast lots. CHAPTER LVIII. IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 211.] THE term Irregular Verbs is here applied to those which depart from the rule not only in the formation of their perfect and supine, but have something anomalous in their conjugation itself. They are, besides sum (treated of before, § 156), possum, edo, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, queo, nequeo, fio. 1. Possum, I am able. Possum is composed of potis and sum, often found separately in early Latin; by dropping the termination of potis, we obtain potsum, possum. It therefore follows the conjugation of sum in its terminations, but the consonants t, s, and f, produce some changes when they come together. [§ 212.] The verb ĕdo, ēdi, ēsum, edere, is declined regularly according to the third conjugation, but here and there it has syncopated forms, besides its regular ones, similar to the corresponding tenses of sum, except that the quantity of the vowel in the second person singular of the indic. present and of the imperative makes a difference, the e in es, from edo, being long by nature. The tenses in which this resemblance occurs are seen in the following table: |