tam dementem fuisse? you surely do not believe that, &c. Ecquid alone i sometimes used also in an affirmative sense, that is, in the expectation of an affirmative answer; e. g., Cic., ad Att., ii., 2, sed heus tu, ecquid vides calendas venire? in Catil., i., 8, ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silen tium? do you not observe their silence? It must, however, be borne in mind, that in general the negative sense of these particles appears only in direct, and not in indirect questions, for in the latter num and ec are simply interrogative particles without implying negation; e. g., quaesivi ex eo, num in senatum esset venturus, whether he would come to the senate, or ecquis esset venturus, whether any body would come.

[ 352.] Ne, which is always appended to some other word, properly denotes simply a question; e. g., putasne me istud facere potuisse? Do you believe that, &c. But the Latin writers use such questions indicated by ne also in a more definite sense, so that they are sometimes affirmative and sometimes negative interrogations. (Respecting the former, see Heusinger on Cic., de Off., iii., 17.) The negative sense is produced by the accent when ne is attached to another word, and not to the principal verb; e. g., mene istud potuisse facere putas? Do you believe that I would have done that? or, hocine credibile est? Is that credible? The answer expected in these cases is "no." So, also, in a question referring to the past; e. g., Cic., in Verr., i., 18, Apollinemne tu Delium spoliare ausus es? where the answer is, "that is impossible." But when attached to the principal verb, ne very often gives the affirmative meaning to the question, so that we expect the answer "yes," e. g., Cic., Acad., ii., 18, videsne, ut in proverbio sit ovorum inter se similitudo? Do you not see that the resemblance among eggs has become proverbial? Cat. Maj. 10, videtisne, ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet? Do you not see, &c. In the same sense we might also say, nonne videtis? for nonne is the sign of an affirmative interrogation; e. g., Nonne poetae post mortem nobilitari volunt? Canis nonne lupo similis est? Utrum, in accordance with its derivation (from uter, which of two), is used only in double questions, and it is immaterial whether there are two or three; e. g., Cic., Cat. Maj., 10, Utrum has (Milonis) corporis, an Pythagorae tibi malis vires ingenii dari? ad Att., ix., 2, Utrum hoc tu parum commeministi, an ego non satis intellexi, an mutasti sen tentiam? Senec., Ep., 56, Si sitis (if you are thirsty), nihil interest, utrum aqua sit, an vinum; nec refert, utrum sit aureum poculum, an vitreum, an manus concava. Utrum is sometimes accompanied by the interrogative particle ne, which, however, is usually separated from it by one or more other words; e. g., Terent., Eun., iv., 4, 54, Utrum taceamne an praedicem? Cic., de Nat., Deor., ii., 34, Videamus utrum ea fortuitane sint, an eo statu, &c.; Nep., Iph., 3, quum interrogaretur utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret. In later writers, however, we find utrumne united as one word. Ne is rarely appended to adjective interrogatives, though instances are found in poetry, as in Horat., Sat., ii., 2, 107, uterne; ii., 3, 295, quone malo; and 317, quantane. It is still more surprising to find it attached to the relative pronoun, merely to form an interrogation. Ibid., i., 10, 2; Terent., Adelph., ii., 3, 9.

[ 353.] An, as a sign of an indirect interrogation, occurs only in the writers of the silver age (beginning with Curtius). It then answers to "whether;" e. g., consulit deinde (Alexander), an totius orbis imperium fatis sibi destinaret pater. In its proper sense it is used only, and by Cicero exclusively, in a second or opposite question, where we use "or," * as in the

The passages which formerly occurred here and there in Cicero, with an in the sense of "whether" in simple indirect questions, are corrected in the latest editions. See p. Cluent., 19, § 52; in Catil., ii., 6, § 13; in Verr., iv., 12, § 27. There remains only quaesivi an misisset in the last passage, of which no certain correction is found in MSS., although the fault itself is obvious, and Topic., 21, 81, where quum an sit, aut quid sit aut quale sit quaeritur, must be corrected according to MSS. into aut sitne aut quid sit, &c.

passage of Seneca quoted above. A sentence like quaero an argentum er dederis cannot, therefore, be unconditionally recommended as good Latin (though it is frequently done), and, according to Cicero, who must be regarded as our model in all matters of grammar, we ought to say num pecuniam ei dederis, or dederisne ei pecuniam. In direct interrogations, when no interrogative sentence precedes, an, anne, an vero can likewise be used only in the sense of our "or," that is, in such a manner that a preceding interrogation is supplied by the mind. E. g., when we say, "I did not intentionally offend you, or do you believe that I take pleasure in hurting a person?" we supply before "or" the sentence, "Do you believe this?" and connect with it another question which contains that which ought to be the case if the assertion were not true. The Latin is, invitus te offendi, an putas me delectari laedendis hominibus? Examples are numerous. Cic., Philip., i. 6, Quodsi scisset, quam sententiam dicturus essem, remisisset aliquid profecto de severitate cogendi (in senatum). An me censetis decreturum fuisse, &c., that is, he would certainly not have obliged me to go to the senate, or do you believe that I should have voted for him? p. Mil., 23, Causa Milonis semper a senatu probata est; videbant enim sapientissimi homines facti rationem, praesentiam animi, defensionis constantiam. An vero obliti estis, &c.; de Fin., 1., 8, Sed ad haec, nisi molestum est, habeo quae velim. An me, inquam, nisi te audire vellem, censes haec dicturum fuisse? In this sentence we have to supply before an, dicesne? An, after a preceding question, is rendered by "not?" and it then indicates that the answer cannot be doubtful; e. g., Cic., in Verr., v., 2, Quid dicis? An bello fugitivorum Siciliam virtute tua liberatam? Do you not say that Sicily, &c. (In Latin we must evidently supply utrum aliud?) So, also, Cat. Maj., 6, A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An his, quae geruntur juventute ac viribus? Supply Aliisne? de Off., i., 15, Quidnam beneficio provocati facere debemus? An imitari agros fertiles, qui multo plus efferunt quam acceperunt? Must we not imitate? Hence such questions may also be introduced by nonne, but without allusion to an opposite question which is implied in an.

[354.] There is, however, one great exception to the rule that an is used only to indicate a second or opposite question, for an is employed after the expressions dubito, dubium est, incertum est, and several similar ones; such as delibero, haesito, and more especially after nescio or haud scio, all of which denote uncertainty, but with an inclination in favour of the affirmative. Examples are numerous. Nep., Thrasyb., 1, Si per se virtus sine fortuna ponderanda sit, dubito an hunc primum omnium ponam, if virtue is to be estimated without any regard as to its success, I ain not certain whether I should not prefer this man to all others. Compare Heusinger's note on that passage. Curt., iv., 59, Dicitur acinace stricto Dareus dubitasse, an fugae dedecus honesta morte vitaret, that is, he was considering as to whether he should not make away with himself. It is not Latin to say Dubito annon for dubito an, for the passage of Cicero, de Off., iii., 12, dubitat an turpe non sit, signifies, he is inclined to believe that it is not bad, putat non turpe esse, sed honestum. Respecting incertum est, see Cic., Cat. Maj., 20, Moriendum enim certe est, et id incertum, an eo ipso die, and this is uncertain, as to whether we are not to die on this very day. Nescio an, or haud scio an, are therefore used quite in the sense of "perhaps," so that they are followed by the negatives nullus, nemo, nunquam, instead of which we might be inclined to use ullus, quisquam, unquam, if we translate nescio an by "I do not know whether." See 721. The inclination towards the affirmative in these expressions is so universal, that such exceptions as in Curtius, ix., 7, et interdum dubitabat, an Macedones-per tot naturae obstantes difficultates secuturi essent, even in later writers, although in other connex ions they use an in the sense of "whether," must be looked upon as rare peculiarities. We must farther observe, that when the principal verb is omitted, an is often used in precisely the same sense as aut; this is very frequently the case in Tacitus, but occurs also in Cicero, de Fin., ii., 32, Themistocles, quum ei Simonides, an quis alius, artem memoriae polliceretur

&c.; ad Att., i., 2, nos hic te ad mensem Januarium expectamus, ex quodam rumore, an ex litteris tuis ad alios missis. There can be no doubt that the expression incertum est is understood in such cases; in Tacitus it is often added. Compare Cic., ad Fam., vii., 9; ad Att., ii. 7, 3; Brut., 23, 89. Cicero, however, could not go as far as Tacitus, who connects an with a verb in the indicative; Ann., xiv., 7, Igitur longum utriusque si lentium, ne irriti dissuaderent, an eo descensum credebant, instead of incertum est factumne sit eam ob causam, ne irriti dissuaderent, an quia credebant.

The conjunction si is sometimes used in indirect interrogations instead of num, like the Greek ci; e. g., Liv., xxxix., 50, nihil aliud (Philopoemenem) locutum ferunt, quam quaesisse, si incolumis Lycortas evasisset. After the verb experior, I try, it is used also by Cicero, Philip., ix., 1, non recusavit, quominus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem reip. ferre posset, experiretur. Respecting expectare si, see Schneider on Caes., Bell. Gall., ii., 9.

[§ 355.] 11. Most conjunctions are placed at the beginning of the proposition which they introduce; only these few, enim, autem, vero, are placed after the first word of a proposition, or after the second, when the first two belong together, or when one of them is the auxiliary verb esse, as in Cicero (de Orat., i., 44), incredibile est enim, quam sit omne jus civile, praeter hoc nostrum, inconditum ac paene ridiculum; but rarely after several words, as in Cic., p. Cluent., 60, Per quem porro datum venenum? unde sumptum? quae deinde interceptio poculi? cur non de integro autem datum? Compare Ellendt on Cic., Brut., 49. Quidem and quoque, when belonging to single words, may take any place in a proposition, but they are always placed after the word which has the emphasis. Itaque and igitur are used by Cicero with this distinction, that itaque, according to its composition, stands first, while igitur is placed after the first, and sometimes even after several words of a proposition; e. g., in Verr., i., 32, Huic homini parcetis igitur, judices? de Nat. Deor., iii., 17, Ne Orcus quidem deus igitur? But other authors, especially later ones, place both indiscriminately either at the beginning of a proposition, or after it. In like manner, tamen is put either at the beginning of a proposition, or after the first word.

[ 356.] Note.-All the other conjunctions stand at the beginning; with some this is the case exclusively; viz., with et, etenim, ac, at, atque, atqui, neque, nec, aut, vel, sive, sin, sed, nam, verum, and the relatives quare, quo circa, quamobrem ; others are generally placed at the beginning, but when a particular word is to be pronounced with peculiar emphasis, this word (and all that belongs to it) stands first, and the conjunction follows it, as in Cicero, Tantum moneo, hoc tempus si amiseris, te esse nullum unquam magis idoneum reperturum; valere ut malis, quam dives esse ; nullum injustitia partum praemium tantum est, semper ut timeas, semper ut adesse, semper ut im pendere aliquam poenam putes. The same is not unfrequently the case in combinations of conjunctions with pronouns, especially with the relative pronoun; e. g., Hoc quum dicit, illud vult intelligi; qui quoniam quid diceret

intelligi noluit, omittamus, Cic. It must be observed, as a peculiarity, that ut, even without there being any particular emphasis, is commonly placed after the words vix, paene, and prope, and also after the negatives nullus, nemo, nihil, and the word tantum; e. g., vix ut arma retinere posset; nihil ut de commodis suis cogitarent. The conjunctions que, ve, and ne are appended to other words, and stand with them at the beginning of a proposition; but when a monosyllabic preposition stands at the beginning they often attach themselves to the case governed by those prepositions; e. g., Romam Cato (Tusculo) demigravit, in foroque esse coepit; legatum miserunt, ut is apud eum causam aratorum ageret, ab eoque peteret; and so, also, ad populum ad plebemve ferre; in nostrane potestate est quid meminerimus? We never find adque obque, aque; whereas proque summa benevolentia, and the like, are used exclusively; and in other combinations either method may be adopted: cumque his copiis and cum firmisque praesidiis; exque his and ex üsque; eque republica, deque universa rep. and de provinciaque decessit. Apud quosque, in Cic., de Off., 1., 35, is an excusable peculiarity, because apudque quos would be against all euphony.

[ 357.] What was said above concerning the different positions of itaque and igitur in Cicero is well known, and generally correct; but it is not so well known that igitur is, nevertheless, placed by that author now and then at the beginning of a proposition, and that not only in philosophic reasonings, as Bremi states on Cic., de Fin., i., 18, and as we find it in de Fin., iv., 19, si illud, hoc: non autem hoc, igitur ne illud quidem; but in the ordinary connexion of sentences; in Rull., ii., 27, igitur pecuniam omnem Decemviri tenebunt; de Prov. Cons., 4, igitur in Syria nihil aliud actum est; Lael., 11, igitur ne suspicari quidem possumus; Philip., ii., 16, in fin., igitur fratrem exheredans te faciebat heredem; Philip., X., 8, igitur illi_certissimi Caesaris actorum patroni pro D. Bruti salute bellum gerunt; de Leg., i., 6, Igitur doctissimis viris proficisci placuit a lege; ad Att., vi., i., 22, Igitur tu quoque salutem utique adscribito. Sallust too frequently places igitur at the beginning. But itaque in the second place does not occur in Cicero, for in Philip., vii., 3, we must read, according to the best MS., igitur, instead of itaque, in the sentence, ego itaque pacis, ut ita dicam, alumnus, and in Partit. Orat., 7, quidem is more correct. In Curtius, itaque appears in the second place only once (vii., 39). In like manner, the rule cannot be upset by the few passages in which Cicero places vero, in answers, at the beginning (just as enim is used by the comic writers). See de Republ., i., 37, § 43; de Leg., i., 24; in Rull., ii., 25; p. Mur., 31, § 65.

[ 358.] All this applies only to the practice of prose writers. Poets, according to the necessity of the verse, place even the prepositive_conjunctions after one or more words of a proposition; e. g., Horat., Epod., 17, 45, et tu, potes nam, solve me dementiae; Serm., i., 5, 86, quattuor hinc rapimur viginti et milia rhedis; ibid., i., 10, 71, vivos et roderet ungues. They separate et from the word belonging to it; as, Horat., Carm., iii., 4, 6, audire et videor pios errare per lucos; Serm., ii., 6, 3, Auctius atque dii melius fecere; and they append que and ve neither to the first word of a proposition, nor to their proper words in other connexions; e. g., Tibull., i., 3, 55,

Hic jacet immiti consumptus morte Tibullus,
Messallam terra dum sequiturque mari,

instead of the prose form terra marique; and in Horat., Serm., ii., 3, 139, Non Pyladen ferro violare aususve sororem.

But it is to be observed that those conjunctions in such arbitrary positions are joined only to verbs. Isolated exceptions, such as in Horat., Carm., ii., 19, 28, pacis eras mediusque belli; and iii, 1, 12, Moribus hic meliorque fama contendat; Ovid., Met., ii., 89, dum resque sinit; and Pedo Albín., ae Morte Drusi, 20, cannot be taken into account.

CHAPTER LXVIII.

INTERJECTIONS.

[§ 359.] 1. INTERJECTIONS are sounds uttered under the influence of strong emotions. They are indeclinable, and stand in no close connexion with the rest of the sentence; for the dative and accusative, which are joined with some of them, are easily explained by an ellipsis. See § 402 and 403.

2. The number of interjections in any language cannot be fixed. Those which occur most frequently in Latin authors are the following:

(a) Of joy: io, iu, ha, he, hahahe, euoe, euax.

(b) Of grief: vae, heu, eheu, ohe, au, hei, pro.

(c) Of astonishment: o, en or ecce, hui, hem, ehem, aha, atat, papae, vah; and of disgust: phui, apage. 222.)

(See § (d) Of calling: heus, o, eho, ehodum; of attestation : pro, also written proh.

(e) Of praise or flattery: eia, euge.

[§ 360.] 3. Other parts of speech, especially nouns, substantive and adjective, adverbs and verbs, and even complex expressions, such as oaths and invocations, must in particular connexions be regarded as interjections. Such nouns are: pax (be_still!), malum, indignum, nefandum, miserum, miserabile-to express astonishment and indignation; macte, and with a plural macti, is expressive of approbation. (See § 103.) Adverbs: nae, profecto, cito, bene, belle! Verbs used as interjections are: quaeso, precor, oro, obsecro, amabo (to all of which te or vos may be added), used in imploring and requesting. So, also, age, agite, cedo, sodes (for si audes), sis, sultis (for si vis, si vultis), and agesis, agedum, agitedum.

Note.-Nae in the best writers is joined only with pronouns: nae ego, nae illi vehementer errant, nae ista gloriosa sapientia non magni aestimanda est. Pyrrhus, after the battle of Heraclea, said, Nae ego, si iterum eodem modo vicero, sine ullo milite in Epirum revertar, Oros., iv., 1.

[§ 361.] 4. Among the invocations of the gods, the following are particularly frequent: mehercule, mehercle, hercule, hercle, or mehercules, hercules, medius fidius, mecastor, ecastor, pol, edepol, per deum, per deum immortalem, per deos, per Jovem, pro (or proh) Juppiter, pro sancte (su