may here mention at once all the rules relating to the construction of the names of towns. If they denote the place whence, they are in the ablative; if the place where? singular nouns of the first and second declensions are put in the genitive, all plurals and nouns of the third declension in the ablative. When we have to express "through a town," the preposition per is required.

Demaratus quidam, Tarquinii regis pater, tyrannum Cypselum quod ferre non poterat, Tarquinios Corintho fugit, et ibi suas fortunas constituit, Cic., Tusc., v., 37. Dionysius tyrannus Syracusis expulsus Corinthi pueros docebat, Cic., Tusc., iii., 12.

Romae Consules, Athenis Archontes, Carthaginet Suffetes, sive judices, quotannis creabantur, Nep., Hann.

Note 1.-The use of names of countries without a preposition, like the names of towns, and of names of towns with the prepositions in, ab, ex, is an irregularity which should not be imitated. Of these prepositions ab is found most frequently, especially in Livy, though sometimes, also, in Cicero: ab Epidauro Piraceum advectus, ab Epheso in Syriam profectus, a Brundisio nulla adhuc fama venerat; and cases may occur in which the preposition is absolutely necessary; as in Cic., in Verr., iv., 33, Segesta est oppidum in Sicilia, quod ab Aenea, fugiente a Troja, conditum esse demonstrant. Ad is joined with names of towns when only the direction towards a place is to be expressed, and not the place itself; e. g., in Cicero, iter dirigere ad Mutinam; tres viae sunt ad Mutinam, farther, when the vicinity of a place is to be denoted (§ 296); in this sense, the elder Cato says, in Cic., Cat. —aj., 5, adolescentulus miles profectus sum ad Capuam, quintoque anno

66

* This rule, varying as it does with the number and declension of a name of a town, is obviously quite arbitrary, and not traceable to any principle. The first (at least in England) proper explanation of this apparent peculiarity of the Latin language is given by a writer in the Journal of Education (vol. i., p. 107), from which we extract the following passage: We are usually directed to translate at Rome by the genitive, at Athens by the ablative, &c., giving different rules according as the number or the gender differs, while, in fact, they are all datives. With Romae, Athenis, there is no difficulty. As to Beneventi, domi, &c., an earlier form of the dative of the second declension was oi (oikot), whence arose the double form nullo and nulli. In the plural the two languages exhibit the same analogy; douλot, dovλoç, in Greek, and in Latin pueri, pueris. In the third declension a common occurrence has taken place." This explanation is confirmed by the fact that in most cases we find Carthagini, Anauri, Tiburi, and also Lacedæmoni, when the place where? is to be expressed. See above, § 63, in fin.-TRANSL.

The writer above quoted justly remarks: "Our editions often present Carthagine, Lacedæmone, where the MSS. have the correct dative. It is true that authority exists for the other form; but the change of Carthagini into Carthagine is precisely similar to the change of heri into here, pictaï into pictae, and not unlike the absorption of the i in the datives of so many declensions, Greek and Latin: gradui gradu, fidei fide. In the third declension, the preceding consonant saved it from total extinction. The commonest effect of time upon language is to soften away the final letters. Hence miraris, mirare; agier, agi; ipsus, ipse; quis, qui; fuerunt, fuere homō, homo; ¿ywv, ¿yw; egō, ego," &c.-TRANSL.

post ad Tarentum Quaestor, that is, in castra, ad Capuam, ad Tarentum. So ad is also used to denote the approach of a fleet to a maritime town; e. g., Caes., Bell. Civ., iii., 100, Laelius cum classe ad Brundisium venit.

What has been said above in reference to islands applies not only to those which have towns of the same name, such as Delos, Rhodus, Samos, Corcyra, but to others, also, as in Cicero: Ithacae vivere otiose; in Nepos, Conon plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus Lesbi; Pausaniam cum classe Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt; so, also, Chersonesum colonos mittere, Chersonesi habitare; but Cicero, de Divin., i., 25, says, in Cyprum redire. The larger islands; as, Sardinia, Britannia, Creta, Euboea, Sicilia, are subject to the same rules as names of countries; and the few exceptions which occur cannot be taken into account; e. g., Cic., p. Leg. Man., 12, inde Sardiniam cum classe venit; Liv., xxxii., 16, Euboeam trajecerunt; Flor., iii., 10, Britanniam transit; and some others.

Names of countries, also, are not unfrequently used in the accusative without the preposition in when motion is expressed. This is most frequently the case with Aegyptus (once even in Cic., de Nat. Deor., iii., 22), and other Greek names of countries in us; as, Epirus, Peloponnesus, Chersonesus, Bosporus, perhaps owing to their resemblance to names of towns; but also with others; e. g., Caes., Bell. Gall., iii., 7, Illyricum profectus; Bell. Civ., iii., 41, Macedoniam pervenit; Liv., x., 37, Etruriam transducto exercitu; XXX., 24, Africam transiturus. All these expressions, however, are only exceptions, rarely used by the earlier writers, and somewhat more frequently by the later ones. Even names of nations, when used for those of countries, are construed in this way by Tacitus, Ann., xii, 32, ductus inde Cangos exercitus; xii., 15, Ipse praeceps Iberos ad patrium regnum pervadit. The genitive of names of countries in answer to the question where? is much more rare, and is confined to Aegypti in Caesar, Bell. Civ., iii., 106; Chersonesi in Nep., Milt., 1; Florus, i., 18, 11, uses Lucaniae in the same way; in Sallust the combination Romae Numidiaeque is easily accounted for.*

The grammatical explanation of this genitive, however, is connected with difficulties. Formerly grammarians accounted for it by the ellipsis in loco; modern comparative philology has called in the aid of the locative singular in i of the Sanscrit language, which is akin to the Latin. (See Bopp, Vergleich. Grammatik, p. 229.) This would account for the ae in the first declension, the ancient form being ai (see § 45), and for the i in some nouns of the third declension; e. g., Tiburi, Carthagini, ruri. (See § 62, foll.) The use of the accusative to denote "motion to," and of the ablative to denote the place where or whence, is perfectly in accordance with the syntactical system of the Latin language; and this accounts for the fact of later writers, especially Justin, frequently putting names of towns of the second declension in the ablative to denote the place where; e. g., Abydo, Corintho, Liv., v., 52, in monte Albano Lavinioque, for et Lavinii.t

[ 399.] Note 2.-With regard to adjectives and nouns of apposition joined with names of towns, the following rules must be observed. When a name of a town is qualified by an adjective, the answer to the question where? is not expressed by the genitive, but by the preposition in with the ablative; e. g., Cic., ad Att., xi., 16, in ipsa Alexandria; Plin., Hist. Nat., xiv., 3, in Narbonensis provinciae Alba Helvia; and, consequently, not Albae Longae, but rather the simple ablative Alba Longa; as in Virgil, Aen., vi., 766. In Cicero, however, we find Teani Apuli (p. Cluent., 9), in the Apulian Teanum. When a name of a town answers to the question where?

According to the remark made above, Aegypti, Chersonesi, Lucaniae, &c., are all datives, answering to the Sanscrit locative, and not genitives. -TRANSL.

† According to what was said above, these are not exceptions; Abydo, Corinthe, being datives, and not ablatives.-TRANSL.

in the ablative, the addition of an adjective produces no change; e. g., Cic., ad Att., xvi., 6, Malo vel cum timore domi esse, quam sine timore Athenis tuis; Liv., i., 18, Numa Pompilius Curibus Sabinis habitabat; ibid., xxviii., 17, Carthagine nova reliquit; and hence the reading in the epitome of the same book should be Carthagini nova, and not novae. In answer to the questions whither? and whence? the accus. and ablat. are used both with and without prepositions; e. g., Ovid, Heroid., ii., 83, Aliquis doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas; Cic., in Verr., i., 19, quae ipsa Samo sublata sunt; but Propert., iii., 20, magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas; and Martial, xiii., 107, de vitifera venisse Vienna.

When the words urbs, oppidum, locus, &c., follow the names of towns as appositions, they generally take a preposition; e. g., Demaratus Corinthius se contulit Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam; Cic., in Verr., v., 51, Cleomenes dicit, sese in terram esse egressum, ut Pachyno, e terrestri praesidio, milites colligeret. In answer to the question where? however, the simple ablative may be used, but never the genitive; e. g., Cic., p. Arch., 3, Archias Antiochiae natus est, celebri quondam urbe et copiosa; p. Rab. Post. 10, Deliciarum causa et voluptatis cives Romanos Neapoli, in celeberrimo oppido, cum mitella saepe vidimus. When these words, with their prepositions, precede the names of towns, the latter are invariably put in the same case; e. g., ad urbem Ancyram, ex urbe Roma, ex oppido Thermis, in oppido Athenis; Nep., Cim., 3, in oppido Citio; Tac., Ann., xi., 21, in oppido Adrumeto. ceptions are rare; Vitruv., Praef., lib. x., nobili Graecorum et ampla civitate Ephesi; and in Cic., ad Att., v., 18, Cassius in oppido Antiochiae cum omni exercitu est, where Antiochiae depends upon oppido, just as we say "in the town of Antioch."

Ex

[§ 400.] Note 3.-The words domus and rus are treated like the names of towns, consequently domum (also domos in the plur.) and rus, home, into the country; domo and rure, from home, from the country; domi, ruri (more frequent than rure), at home, in the country. But although the rule requires, e. g., domo abesse, to be absent from home, Livy uses esse ab domo; and besides domi se tenere, to keep at home, we also find domo se tenere. (See the comment. on Nep., Epam., 10.) Domi also takes the genitives meae, tuae, nostrae, vestrae, and alienae; but if any other adjective is joined with it, a preposition must be used; e. g., in illa domo, in domo publica, in privata domo. When the name of the possessor is added in the genitive, both forms, domi and in domo, are used; e. g., domi or in domo Caesaris or ipsius. In the case of domum and domo, the rule is, on the whole, the same; we say, e. g., domum meam venit, nihil domum suam intulit, domos suas invitant, domo sua egredi; but in domum meretriciam induci; in domum veterem remigrare e nova; Livy, in domum Maelii tela inferuntur ; Cicero, e domo Caesaris multa ad te delata sunt; Cicero, however, very commonly says, domum alicujus venire, convenire, domos omnium concursare. Humus, bellum, and militia are, to some extent, construed in a similar way, their genitivest being used to denote the place where? humi, on the ground (but not humum, (I throw) upon the ground, and rarely humo, from the ground, prepositions being required to express these relations; hence humo is often used as an ablative of place for humi); belli and militiae, always in combination with, or in opposition to, domi: belli domique, or domi bellique, domi militiaeque, at home and in the camp; nec ducem belli, nec principem domi desideramus; nihil domi, nihil militiae gestum. But we also find in bello, in war. Viciniae for in vicinia, occurs in Terence in such connexions, as, hic, huc, viciniae, where, however, the genitive might be regarded as dependant upon the adverb (see § 434), but Plautus (Bacch., ii. 2, 27) uses it without the adverb; proximae viciniae habitat. Foras (out through the door) and foris (out at the door) have become adverbs, but the one is properly an accusat., and the other an ablat.

[These are all locative cases. Consult note on page 287.]-Am. Ed. + [Or, more correctly, locatives.]—Am. Ed.

BB

[§ 401.] The poets may express by the accusative any locality answering to the question whither? as in Virgil, Italiam fato profugus Lavinaque venit litora; Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem deveniunt; Ovid, Verbe refers aures non pervenientia nostras.

[§ 402.] 10. In exclamations the accusative of the person or thing wondered at is used, either with the interjections o, heu, eheu, or without them. The accusative may be explained by supplying some verb of emotion or declaration; e. g., Heu me miserum! O wretched man that I am! heu dementiam existimantium! O the folly of those who believe, &c.! or without heu: me miserum! Beatos quondam duces Romanos! exclaims Corbulo in Tacit., Ann., xi., 20; Cic., in Verr., v. 25, Huncine hominem! hancine impudentiam, judices! hanc audaciam! and in an ironical sense, p. Coel., 26, In balneis delituerunt: testes egregios! de Orat., iii., 2, O fallacem hominum spem fragilemque fortunam et inanes nostras contentiones!

[ 403.] Note 1.-With these as with all other interjections the vocative also is used, when the person or thing itself is invoked; e. g., Cic., Philip., xiii., 17, o miser, quum re, tum hoc ipso quod non sentis, quam miser sis! Vae and hei are usually joined with the dative; as, vae misero mihi! vae victis ! hei mihi, qualis erat!

Note 2.-Ecce and en (Greek v, hví) are preferred with the nominative; as, Ecce tuae litterae! Ecce nova turba atque rixa! En ego! En memoria mortui sodalis! en metus vivorum existimationis! Ecce with the accusative occurs only in comedy, in the expression ecce me! and in the contracted forms eccum, eccos, eccillum, eccillam, eccistam.

[§ 404.] 11. The following prepositions govern the accusative: ad, apud, ante, adversus and adversum, cis and citra, circa and circum, circiter, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, per, pone, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, versus, ultra, and in and sub when joined with verbs of motion. Respecting super and subter, see § 320.

CHAPTER LXXII.

DATIVE CASE.

[§ 405.] 1. THE dative is the case of reference, or, if we compare it with the accusative, the case denoting the remoter object; for as the accusative serves to denote the effect or that which is acted upon, in contrast to the agent or active subject, so the dative denotes that with reference to which the subject acts, or in reference to which

it possesses this or that quality; e. g., scribo vobis hunc librum, I write this book (the agent and effect, or cause and effect), for you (with reference to you, for your advantage); prosum tibi, I am useful to you (in reference to you).* Hence the dative is used.

(a) With all transitive verbs, besides the accusative, either expressed or understood, to denote the person in reference to whom or for whom a thing is done; e. g., date panem pauperibus, commendo tibi liberos meos, mitto tibi librum, rex mihi domum aedificavit; in the following sentences the accusative is understood, or its place is supplied by the sentences which follow: suadeo tibi, persuadeo tibi, nuntiavit imperatori, promisit militibus.

This

rule implies that the person for whose benefit or loss anything is done is expressed by the dative (dativus commodi et incommodi); e. g., Pisistratus sibi, non patriae, Megarenses vicit, Justin; Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, Senec., Epist., 106.

[§ 406.] (b) With intransitive verbs, which, though they usually do not govern any case, may yet express that the action is done with reference to something or somebody. We mention here, especially, vacare, nubĕre, and supplicare. Vaco signifies "I am free," hence, vaco alicui rei, I have leisure for a thing, or occupy myself with it; as, vaco philosophiae. Nubo originally signifies "I cover;" and as, according to an ancient custom, the bride on her wedding-day covered her face, she was said nubere alicui viro, "to cover herself for a man," that is, "to marry." (In the passive, however, we find nupta cum viro.) Supplico signifies "I am a suppliant" (supplex); hence, supplico alicui, I implore a person. Homo non sibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae, sed suis, Cic., De Fin., ii., 14.

Civitas Romana inter bellorum strepitum parum olim vacabat liberalibus disciplinis. Sueton., De Grammat. Plures in Asia mulieres singulis viris solent nubere, Cic. Neque Caesari solum, sed etiam amicis ejus omnibus pro te, sicut adhuc feci, libentissime supplicabo. Cic., Ad Fam., vi., 14.

[§ 407.] Note 1.-Suadeo tibi hanc rem, has nothing that is strange to us, as we use the same construction in English. Persuadeo denotes the com

*[Some grammarians have called the dative the acquisitive case, as being used after any verb, denoting that anything is done to, or for any person. (Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. i., p. 0.)]—Am. Ed.