all those compound verbs in which the preposition retains its meaning, and which, instead of repeating the preposition, take the dative, for their number, especially that of transitives, is unlimited; we have given those only with which, comparatively speaking, the dative occurs most frequently. There are some with which the dative is used exclusively, and the repetition of the preposition would be offensive, the reason being the signification of the verbs themselves: praeficio and praepono, e. g., might have been mentioned among the verbs in 412, being joined exclusively with the dative. But there can be no fear of mistakes in these words. [§ 416.] It must be remarked, in general, that in the early and unpolished prose, the preposition, or one equivalent to it, is usually repeated, more especially in verbs compounded with ad, con, and in; e. g., adhibeo, confero, conjungo, communico, compăro, imprimo, inscribo, insum, and also interest, in the sense of "there is a difference;" e. g., Cicero, studium adhibere ad disciplinas; confert (comparate, contendite) hanc pacem cum illo bello; hospitio et amicitia mecum conjunxi, or, cum aliquo conjunctus sum; consilia sua mecum communicavit; in omnium animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura; in hac vita nihil inest nisi miseria. The dative, however, is not to be rejected, being used sometimes by Cicero, and more frequently by later writers. Illacrimare, to weep over; e. g., morti Socratis, is generally used with the dative only; the preposition, at least, is never repeated. The following verbs require some farther explanation. Incumbo, I lean or press upon, and figuratively, "I apply to or study a thing;" in the former sense alone it is joined with the dative, though sometimes, also, with the preposition super; in its figurative sense it is construed in prose with ad, and still more frequently with in with the accusative. The verbs assuescere, consuescere, and insuescere, to accustom a person or one's self (se, however, is omitted) to a thing, are sometimes construed with the dative and sometimes with the ablative; acquiescere, to acquiesce, likewise takes either the dative or ablative; e. g., Cic., pro Mil., 37, Qui maxime P. Clodii morte acquierunt, but more frequently in with the ablative, in the sense of "to find peace or satisfaction;" e. g., in tuis litteris, in juvenum caritate. Supersedere likewise takes the ablative, and, indeed, more frequently than the dative, probably because its sense is equivalent to abstinere; e. g., supersedere labore itineris. It is not difficult to determine which prepositions may be used for others, in case of repetition being necessary, for it always depends upon the sense: in is used for ad; e. g., accedere in oppidum, aspirare in curiam; ab for ex; e. g., eripere ex miseriis, and a miseria; ad for in; e. g., incumbere ad studia; in, ad, ante, and contra for ob; e. g., aliquid obrepit in animum, obrepere ad honores, obversari ante oculos, vallum objicere contra impetum hostium; ad and ante for pro; e. g., procumbere ante pedes, ad genua. [§ 417.] The compounds of verbs of motion are construed with both cases, either the dative or the accusative, and some compounds of jacere, stare and sedere, follow their analogy. (See § 386.) Hence the verbs of excelling, if their simple verbs denote motion, are construed chiefly with the accusative, and antecello, praecello and praemineo, which at least admit the accusative, follow their example. (See § 386.) The following must be noticed separately on account of their twofold construction: allatro, I bark at, address in a coarse manner; attendo, I attend to (the same as animum attendo ad aliquid or ad aliquem); obumbro, I overshadow-all these occur most frequently with the accusative, whence they have a personal passive; but illudo, I ridicule, is found with the dative as often as with the accusative; e. g., illudo memoriae, existimationi alicujus, signis et aquilis Romanis, and praecepta rhetorum, corpus Vari. Despero, I despair of a thing, is used as an intransitive verb with de or with the dative; e. g., desperat de re publica, sibi, fortunis suis; as a transitive verk (I give up) it takes the accusative; e. g., despero rem publicam, pacem. 99 66 Praeverto, in the transitive sense of "I prefer," takes an accusative of the object and a dative, instead of which, however, the preposition prae may be repeated; e. g., uxorem praeverto prae republica or reipublicae; in the intransitive sense of "I go before,' precede," or "anticipate," it may take either the accusative or dative, praeverto te, fata, pietas praevertit amori; in a reflective sense, praeverto, scil. me, or praevertor, it takes either the preposition ad or the dative, praeverto ad interna, praeverto rei mandatae. The deponent again takes the meaning of "I prefer," aliquam rem alicui rei, Liv., viii., 13, consules coacti omnibus eam rem praeverti. [§ 418.] 5. The verbs aspergo and inspergo, circumdo and circumfundo, dono and impertio, exuo and induo are used, like the above-mentioned transitives, with an accus. of the thing and a dative of the person, or with an accus. of the person and an ablat. of the thing; e. g., circumdo alicui custodias, or circumdo aliquem custodiis, and, consequently, in the passive voice custodiae tibi circumdantur or (tu) circumdaris custodiis.* So, also, maculas aspergo vitae tuae, or maculis vitam tuam aspergo; dono tibi pecuniam, o pecunia te dono; impertio tibi laudes, or laudibus te impertio, &c. We find exuo tibi clipeum, induit sibi torquem, or still more frequently exuo and induo vestem, the dative expressing my own person being omitted. Exuo te aliqua re occurs only in the figurative sense of “I rob thee of a thing." Induo, I betake myself into some place, is commonly joined with the preposition in or with a dative. Intercludo, I cut off, alicui aliquid; e. g., hostibus fugam, or as a verb implying distance, aliquem aliqua re and ab aliqua re; e. g., milites itinere, or ab exercitu. Interdico tibi aliquid, I forbid thee something; the con struction interdico te aliqua re does not occur, but a mixture of both interdico tibi aliqua re (e. g., in the Roman form of outlawry aqua et igni), I forbid thee the use of a thing. The double construction of mactare does not belong to this place, as it arises from two different meanings of the word, the original one "to honour," requires the accusative and ablative; e. g., Cic., in Vatin., 6, puerorum extis deos manes mactare soles; the derivative meaning "to slaughter" is the ordinary one, victimas diis mactare. [§ 419.] 6. With passive verbs the dative is sometimes used alone, instead of ab with the ablative. Quidquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo, Cic., p. Leg. Man., 24. Barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli, Ovid, Trist. Note.-It is a rule of the Latin language to join the dative instead of ab with the ablative to the participle future passive; e. g., moriendum mihi est See § 649. If this were not the case, we should consider the dative with passive verbs as a Grecism, for it rarely occurs in the earlier Latin prose (especially in Cicero and Caesar), and with the exception of a few instances, is confined to the participle perfect passive and the tenses formed from it. In poetry and the later prose writers instances like the above quotation from Ovid are extremely numerous, as poets in general were fond of introducing Greek constructions. The following passages are the only ones in which Cicero adopted the practice, de Invent., i., 46, illa nobis alio tempore explicabuntur; in Verr., iii., 16, tibi consulatus quaerebatur; de Nat. Deor., ii., 48, sic dissimillimis bestiolis communiter cibus quaeritur; de Off., 11., 9, honesta bonis viris, non occulta quaeruntur; † Cat Maj., 11, semper in his *[Compare Crombie, Gymnas., vol. ii., p. 211.]—Am. Ed. studiis laboribusque viventi non intelligitur, quando obrepat senectus; ad Att., 16, in ea praesertim epistola, quam nolo aliis legi, probably for ab aliis. doubt whether there are any other passages in Cicero, for the phrase mihı probatur is of a different kind, since probo tibi is of quite common occur rence in the sense of "I make a thing plausible to thee." [§ 420.] 7. Esse with the dative of a person expresses the English "to have;" e. g., sunt mihi multi libri, I have many books, the same as habeo multos libros. Homini cum deo similitudo est, Cic., de Leg., i., 8. Note.-We must here notice a Grecism which occurs in Sallust and Tacitus: aliquid mihi volenti est, I like a thing. Sallust, Jug., 84, quia neque plebi militia volenti (esse) putabatur; Tacit., Agr., 18, quibus bellum volentibus erat; Ann., i., 59, ut quibusque bellum invitis aut cupientibus erat, as in Greek Touтó μo Bovλoμévy toτív. Comp. Tac., Hist., iii., 43; Ann., xv., 36. Abest and deest mihi, as opposed to est mihi, therefore mean "I have not;" as in Cic., Brut., 80, Hoc unum illi, si nihil utilitatis habebat, abfuit, si opus erat, defuit; de Leg., i., 2, abest enim historia litteris nostris. [§ 421.] Hence mihi est nomen or cognomen (also cognomentum, and in Tacitus vocabulum) signifies "I have a name,' ," that is, "my name is," or "I am called." The name itself is put either in the nominative or the dative, being attracted by the dative of the person. Syracusis est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, Cic., in Verr., iv., 53. Consules leges decemvirales, quibus tabulis duodecim est no men, in aes incisas, in publico proposuerunt, Liv., iii., 57. Note.-The same is the case with the (passive) expressions datum, inditum, factum est nomen; e. g., Tarquinius, cui cognomen Superbo ex moribus datum. The name itself is commonly put in the dative, also, with the active verbs dare, addere, indere, dicere, ponere, imponere, tribuere alicui nomen; e. g., dare alicui cognomen tardo ac pingui; desipiunt omnes aeque ac tu, qui tibi nomen insano posuere, Horat.; but it may also be put in the same case as nomen, that is, in the accusative; as in Livy, stirps virilis, cui Ascanium parentes dixere nomen, and in the edict of the censors in Suetonius, de Clar. Rhet. 1, eos sibi nomen imposuisse Latinos rhetores. The nominative in Ovid, Met., i., 169, (via) lactea nomen habet, and xv., 96, (aetas) cuifeci mus aurea nomen, is a purely poetical license, where the names are taken, ungrammatically, as mere sounds. The name may be expressed, also, by the genitive, according to the gen eral rule, that of two substantives joined to each other, one is put in the genitive; e. g., Plaut., Amphitr. Prol., 19, nomen Mercurii est mihi; in prose, Vell. Pat., i., 11, Q. Metellus praetor, cui ex virtute Macedonici nomen inditum erat; and ii., 11, Q. Metello meritum virtute cognomen Numidici inditum est But this is not the ordinary practice in the case of real proper names, and the dative must be regarded as the proper Latin case. See Ruhnken or. Vell. Pat., ii., 11. [§ 422.] 8. With the verbs esse, dare, mittere and venire. and others of the same meaning, besides the dative of the person, another is used to express the purpose, im oʻqu and destination. Dare belongs to this class both in its sense of "to give" and in that of "to put to one's account." The following verbs have a similar meaning: apponere, ducere, habere, tribuere, and vertere. Esse, in this respect, is equivalent. to the English "to do," in "it does him honour," and the passives fieri, dari, duci, haberi, tribui, verti, have a similar meaning. Proficisci is sometimes construed like ve nire. Virtutes hominibus decori gloriaeque sunt, Seneca. Attalus, Asiae rex, regnum suum Romanis dono dedit. Mille Plataeenses Atheniensibus adversus Persas auxilio venerunt. Quid in Graeco sermone tam tritum atque celebratum est, quam si quis despicatui ducitur, ut Mysorum ultimus esse dicatur? Cic., p. Flacc., 27. Note.-There is a great variety of datives of this kind; e. g., dono aliquid muneri, praemio; relinquo milites auxilio, subsidio, praesidio, custodiae; tribuitur or datur mihi vitio, crimini, odio, probro, opprobrio, laudi, saluti, utilitati, emolumento, &c. The phrase cui bono fuit? signifies "to whom was it an advantage?" We must especially notice such datives as esui, usui, quaestui, derisui, cordi, curae aliquid est, and also canere receptui, to sound a retreat; doti dico, I set aside as a dowry; appono pignori, I pawn. Instead of hoc argumento est, we may also say hoc argumentum, documentum, indicium est; and with dare and similar verbs we may also use the accusative in apposition; e. g., Liv., ii., 22, Latini coronam auream Jovi donum in Capitolium mittunt. Sometimes, also, the prepositions in or ad may be used; e. g., reliquit ibi exercitum ad praesidium, gloriam mihi in crimen vertis. CHAPTER LXXIII. GENITIVE CASE. [§ 423.] 1. WHEN two substantives are united with each other so as to form the expression of one idea, one of them is in the genitive; but if one of the substantives serves to explain or define the other, they are said to be in apposition to each other, and both are in the same case. This genitive, dependant upon a substantive, is in Latin of a double kind, according as it expresses either the subject or the object. The genitive is subjective when it denotes that which does something or to which a thing belongs; e. g., hominum facta, liber pueri: it is objective when it denotes that which is affected by the action or feeling spoken of. This objective genitive is used very extensively in Latin, for it is not only joined with those substantives Сс |