Evolarat jam e conspectu fere fugiens quadriremis, quum etiamtum ceterae naves uno in loco moliebantur, Cic., in Verr., v., 34. Jam in conspectu, sed extra teli jactum utraque acies erat, quum priores Persae inconditum et trucem sustulere clamorem, Curt., iii., 25 (10). Jamque, qui Dareum vehebant equi, confossi hastis et dolore efferati, jugum quatere et regem curru excutere coeperant, quum ille, veritus ne vivus veniret in hostium potestatem, desilit et in equum, qui ad hoc sequebatur, imponitur, Curt., iii., 27 (11), and in innumerable other passages of this writer. Non dubitabat Minucius, qui Sopatrum defendebat, quin iste (Verres), quoniam consilium dimisisset, illo die rem illam quaesiturus non esset, quum repente jubetur dicere, Cic., in Verr., ii., 29. [$ 581.] Note 1.-In farther confirmation of our first remark, that quam, in the sense of "while," is construed with the perfect indicative, we add, Cic., p. Ligar., 1, Bellum (inter Caes. et Pomp.) subito exarsit, quod, qui erant in Africa, ante audierunt geri, quam parari. Quo audito, partim cupiditate in considerata, partim caeco quodam timore, primo salutis, post etiam studii sui quaerebant aliquem ducem: quum Ligarius domum spectans et ad suos redire cupiens nullo se implicari negotio passus est: quum here properly introduces the principal action, "while Ligarius would not allow himself to be impli cated," although, at the same time, it expresses simultaneousness. Comp., also, Cic., in Pis., 34, quum quidem tibi etiam accessio fuit; Philip., ix., 4, 9, quum quidem ille pollicitus est; for these passages must be read in their connexion, in order to see the difference between the indicative which ex presses the actual beginning of the actions, and the imperfect subjunctive. The addition of quidem, too, must be observed, as well as interim in Florus, iii., 17, in fin., Sed pretium rogationis statim socii flagitare (Perfect): quum interim imparem Drusum aegrumque rerum temere motarum matura (ut in tali discrimine) mors abstulit. [$582.] Note 2.-Quum, in both cases, is used by historians (Livy, Tacitus) also with what is called the historical infinitive (infinitivus historicus). Instances of quum, in the sense of "while," are Tacit., Ann., ii., 31, Cingebatur interim milite domus, strepebant etiam in vestibulo, ut audiri, at aspici possent: quum Libo, ipsis, quas in novissimam voluptatem adhibuerat, epulis excruciatus, vocare percussorem, prendere servorum dextras, inserere gladium; Liv., ii., 27, victor tot intra paucos dies bellis Romanus promissa consulis fidemque senatus expectabat: quum Appius quam asperrime poterat jus de creditis pecuniis dicere. The following is an instance of quum expressing the actual beginning of an action: Tacit., Ann., xiv., 5, nec multum erat progressa navis, quum dato signo ruere tectum loci. Cicero does not use such expres sions, but as the infinitive is a real substitute for the present in lively descriptions, there is nothing to be said against it. CHAPTER LXXIX. IMPERATIVE MOOD. [§ 583.] 1. THE imperative, both in the active and passive, has two forms: the imperative present and the imperative future. (See § 151.) Both express a command, but also a wish, an advice or exhortation. The difference in the meaning of the two imperatives is this: the imperative present expresses that something is to be done directly or at once; as, lege, read! morere, die! or that a thing which exists at present is to continue to exist; as, vive felix. The imperative future puts the command in connexion with some other action, and expresses that something is to be done in future, when, or as soon as, something else has taken place. It is, however, not necessary that the other action should be expressed in words, but in many cases it is supplied by the mind; e. g., Cic., in Verr., iv., 1, Rem vobis proponam; vos eam suo, non nominis pondere penditote, i. e., weigh it, viz., quum proposuero. Quum valetudini tuae consulueris, tum consulito navigationi, Cic., ad Fam., xvi., 4. Quodquum hujus vobis adolescentiam proposueritis, constituitote vobis ante oculos etiam hujus miseri senectutem, Cic., p. Coel., in fin. Prius audite paucis; quod cum dixero, si placuerit, facitote, Terent., Eun., v., 11, 19. Note. This is the view of the ancient grammarians respecting the dif ference between the two tenses of the imperative. Vossius and Perizonius (on Sanct., Minerv., i., 13, no. 8), and after them the modern grammarians, have, without cause, abandoned that view, and substituted a groundless theory about a milder and a stronger expression of a command. Comp. Nic. Bygom Krarup's dissertation de natura et usu imperativi, Havniae, 1825 (reprinted in Friedemann and Seebode's Miscellanea Critica, vol. ii., p. 728, foll.). There are some exceptions in which the imperative present is used for the imperative future; but a poet has a right to represent things as taking place at once, which in reality can occur only at a subsequent time. (So, also, in Livy, vi., 12, Tu, T. Quinti, equitem intentus ad primum initium moti certaminis teneas: ubi haerere jam aciem collato pede videris, tum terrorem equestrem occupatis alio pavore infer, invectusque ordines pugnantium dissipa.) Respecting scito and scitote, instead of the imperative present, which is wanting, see § 164. Otherwise our rule is only confirmed by passages in which the two imperatives occur, as that of Terence quoted above, or Cic., Philip., vi., 6, 17; ad Fam., xvi., 6; and also by those in which the preceding action is not expressed, but may be understood; e. g., in the Rhet., ad Herenn., iv., 51, where the conduct of a boaster is described, Itane? inquit: eamus hospites, frater venit ex Faler no; ego illi obviam pergam; vos huc decuma venitote; i. e., return towards the evening, after you have gone away, and attended to your other busi ness. It should also be observed that the imperative present has no third person, because a person not present cannot obey at the moment. [§ 584.] 2. Hence the imperative future is properly used in contracts (comp. Liv., xxxviii., 38), laws, and wills, inasmuch as it is stipulated in them that things are to be done after a certain time; farther, in precepts and rules of conduct, that is, to express actions which are to be re peated as often as the occasion occurs. Regio imperio duo sunto, iique consules appellantor, militiae summum jus habento, nemini parento, illis salus populi suprema lex esto, Cic., de Leg., iii., 3. Causam igitur investigato in re nova atque admirabili, sı poteris. Si nullam reperies, illud tamen exploratum habeto, nihil fieri potuisse sine causa, eumque terrorem, quem tibi rei novitas attulerit, naturae ratione depellito, Cic., de Divin., ii., 28. Non satis est pulchra esse poemata, dulcia sunto, [§ 585.] 3. With the imperative the English "not" must be rendered by ne, and "nor" by neve, but not by non or neque. The imperative with ne, however, is peculiar only to the early language, and at all times in legal phraseology. Hominem mortuum (inquit lex in duodecim tabulis) in urbe ne sepelito neve urito, Cic., de Leg., ii., 23. Note.-Non and neque with the imperative are rare. Ovid, Met., iii., 117, ne cape-nec te civilibus insere bellis; viii., 433, Pone, age, nec titulos intercipe femina nostros; de Art. Am., iii., 129, Vos quoque non caris aures onerate la pillis, nec prodite graves insuto vestibus auro. But when the subjunctive is used for the imperative, non, and especially neque, are found more frequently. See § 529. The imperative with ne is of quite common occurrence in conversational language in Plautus and Terence, and along with it we find ne with the present subjunctive without any difference, ne clama, ne crucia te, ne obsecra; ne credas, ne erres, ne metuas. Later poets chiefly use ne with the present subjunct., and ne with the imperative only when they speak emphatically. Servius, on Virg., Aen., vi., 544, expressly remarks, ne saevi antique dictum est. Nam nunc ne saevias dicimus, nec imperativum jungimus adverbio imperantis. In saying that ne saevias was used in his time, he was probably thinking more especially of poets. It is not used in the classi cal prose writers, who always prefer the paraphrased imperative noli sae vire (§ 586). [§ 586.] 4. The following forms are used instead of both tenses of the imperative: (a) The future, which, however, takes the negative non if anything is forbidden; e. g., facies, or, non facies hoc; Cic., ad Fam., vii., 20, Sed valebis, meaque negotia videbis, meque diis juvantibus ante brumam expectabis, instead of vale, vide, expecta; Liv., vii., 35, Ubi sententiam meam vobis peregero, tum quibus eadem placebunt, in dextram partem taciti transibitis, instead of transitote. (b) The third person of the present subjunctive, both in an affirmative and negative command, is even more frequently used than the imperative, unless a writer intentionally uses the legal phraseology. (c) The second person of the perfect subjunctive, with the negative ne; as, Cic., Acad., ii., 40, Tu vero ista ne asciveris neve fueris commenticiis rebus assensus; ad Fam., vii., 25, Secreto hoc audi, tecum habeto, ne Apellae quidem, liberto tuo, dixeris. Respecting the subjunctive used for the imperative, see § 529. The affirmative imperative is paraphrased by cura (or curato) ut, fac ut, or fac alone with the subjunctive; e. g., cura ut quam primum venias, facite ut recordemini, fac animo forti magnoque sis. The negative imperative is paraphrased by fac ne, cave ne, or commonly by cave alone (without ne), with the present or perfect subjunctive, cave putes, cave dixeris; but especially by noli with the infinitive, noli putare, nolite (nolitote) existimare. Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva, Horat., Ars Poet., 385. Qui adipisci veram gloriam volet, justitiae fungatur officiis, Cic., de Off., ii., 13. Quod dubitas ne feceris, Plin., Epist., i., 18. Nihil ignoveris, nihil omnino gratiae concesseris, misericordia commotus ne sis! Cic., p. Muren., 31. Magnum fac animum habeas et spem bonam, Cic., ad Quint. Frat., 2, in fin. Nolite id velle quod fieri non potest, et cavete ne spe praesentis pacis perpetuam pacem omittatis, Cic., Philip., vii., 8. [ 587.] Note.-We also find an imperative of the perfect passive, but very rarely; Ovid, Trist., iv., 8, 51, At vos admoniti nostris quoque casibus este; and the famous exclamation of Caesar before passing the Rubicon, in Sueton., Caes., 32, Jacta alea esto! aveþþíp0w xúẞos. The subjunctive is more commonly used instead of it; as, jacta sit alea! CHAPTER LXXX. INFINITIVE MOOD. [§ 588.] 1. THE infinitive expresses the action or condition implied in the verb in the form of an abstract gen. erality, without specifying either person, number, or time; it merely indicates the relations of an action, that is, whether it is in progress or completed. Scribere, to write, ex. presses the action as in progress; scripsisse, to have writ ten, as completed. To what time the action thus described belongs is determined by the verb on which the infinitive depends. Note 1.-The one of these infinitives is called the present and the other the perfect infinitive. The former name is incorrect, for it is not the present time that is expressed by scribere, since, besides volo scribere, we may say (heri) volebam scribere, volueram scribere, and (cras) volam scribere; but the action is described only as in progress. The infinitives should, therefore, rather be called infinitivus rei infectae and infinitivus rei perfectae. If, however, we compare the two infinitives with the tenses of the verb, we are naturally struck by the resemblance between scribere and scribo, and between scripsisse and scripsi; although, with regard to the relation of the action, the imperfect scribebam and the pluperfect scripseram have the same claim as scribo and scripsi. Hence the first infinitive is also called infinitivus praesentis et imperfecti, and the other infinitivus perfecti et plusquamperfecti; but neither of these designations comprises the whole of their signification. [§ 589.] Note 2.-Memini, in a narrative of events at which the speaker himself has been present, is joined with the present infinitive, although the action may be completed; and the speaker thus transfers himself to the past, and describes the action as if it was in progress before his eyes; e. g., Cic., in Verr., ii., 4, memini Pamphylum mihi narrare; Lael., 3, memini Catonem mecum et cum Scipione disserere; p. Sext., 35, meministis tum, judices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri, cloacas referciri, e foro spongiis effingi sanguinem. So, also, memoria teneo, Q. Scaevolam bello Marsico, quum esset summa senectute, quotidie facere omnibus conveniendi sui potestatem, in Cicero, Philip., viii., 10; and even scribit is construed like meminit; as, Cic., de Off., iii., 2, in fin. And after the analogy of memini, Cicero (de Off., i., 30), without speaking of things he has witnessed himself, and merely for the sake of vivid expression, says, M. Maximum accepimus facile celare, tacere, dissimulare, insidiari, praecipere hostium consilia. But when the sentence is not a narrative, but only a statement of a result, memini is also joined with the infinitive of the completed action; e. g., Cic., p. Rosc. Am., 42, meministis me ita distribuisse initio causam, where the judges are requested to remember the division he had made; Cic., p. Milon., 35, meminit etiam, sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, quum minime desiderarit, populi vero cunctis suffragiis, quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum; Liv., xxxvi., 34, quamquam merito iratus erat Aetolis, quod solos obtrectasse gloriae suae meminerat. [ 590.] Note 3.-The infinitive perfect is sometimes used in Latin instead of the infinitive present, to express the result of an action rather than its progress; e. g., juvat me, pudet me hoc fecisse. This is the case chiefly after the expressions satis mihi est, satis habeo, contentus sum, which are usually joined with the infinitive perfect in the prose of the silver age |