with the verb mederi, which, in the early language, was likewise some times joined with the accusative, whence we find in Livy, viii., 36, and Vell. Pat., ii., 25, medendis corporibus. Invidendus, poenitendus, and pudendus have become adjectives.

[§ 658.] Note 2.-There are a few passages in good authors, in which the gerund is used in a passive sense; Cic., in Verr., i., 18, censendi causa haec frequentia convenit, for the purpose of undergoing the census :P. Flacc., 32, si aliena censendo Decianus sua facere posset; Vell. Pat., ii., 15, ad censendum ex provinciis in Italiam revocare; Cic., ad Fam., vii., 3, ades ad imperandum; i. e., ut imperetur tibi; Tusc., i., 23, ceteris, quae moventur, hic fons, hoc principium est movendi; Nep., Att., 9, spes restituendi, the hope of being restored. See Bremi's note on this passage.

[§ 659.] 3. The particular cases in which the gerund, and, under the limitations above mentioned, the participle future passive are used, are the following:

(a) The genitive of the gerund is used after substantives and after relative adjectives. (See § 436.) In English, substantives and relative adjectives are followed either by "of," with the participle present, or by "to," with the infinitive; e. g., ars dicendi, the art of speaking; discendi cupidus, desirous to learn. Such substantives, among many others, are, ars, causa, consilium, consuetudo, cupiditas, facultas, occasio, potestas, spes, studium, voluntThe ablatives causā and gratia are also joined with the genitive of the gerund; e. g., discendi causa, for the sake or purpose of learning; quidam canes venandi gratia comparantur.

as.

Note.-It must, however, be observed that with these and other substantives the infinitive may also be used (see § 598), when with a tense of esse they form a periphrasis for a verb which is joined with the infinitive, or when they supply the place of an adjective expression, of which the infinitive is the subject; e. g., Sallust, Cat., 30, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat, with whom it was a custom, or who were accustomed; Cic., Tusc., i., 41, tempus est abire, it is time, that is, tempestivum est, it is proper to go; but we may also say est (i. e., adest) tempus abeundi; as in Quintil., xi., 3, 61, jam tempus est dicendi, quae sit apta pronuntiatio; Liv., ii., 53, Mos, credo, non placebat, sine Romano duce exercituque socios propriis viribus consiliisque bella gerere: here the accusative with the infinitive depends upon the whole construction, and more especially upon placebat, for else it would have been necessary to say sociorum mos bella gerendi. All other constructions, especially the infinitive after relative adjectives, are poetical.

Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus, Cicero. Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumptus supervacuos, aut ars re familiari moderate utendi, Senec., de Benef., ii., 34. Postremo Catilina dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum venit, Sallust, Cat., 31.

Epaminondas studiosus erat audiendi, Nep., Epam., 3.

(b) If the verb governs the accusative, the passive construction with the participle future is commonly preferred.

Quis ignorat Gallos usque ad hanc diem retinere illam immanem ac barbaram consuetudinem hominum immolandorum? Cic., p. Font., 10.

Inita sunt (a Catilina ejusque sociis) consilia urbis delendae, civium trucidandorum, nominis Romani extinguendi, Cic., p. Muren., 37.

Timotheus rei militaris (belli gerendi) fuit peritus, neque minus civitatis regendae, Nep., Timoth., 1.

[§ 660.] Note 1.-The rule respecting the agreement of the participle with the noun in gender and number is apparently violated in the genitive of the personal pronouns, since tui, even when feminine, is joined with the masculine or neuter form of the participle; Plaut., Trucul., ii., 4, 19, quoniam tui videndi est copia; Ovid, Heroid., xx., 74, copia placandi sit modo parva tui, and vestri and sui, even when they are plural, are joined with the singular of the participle. Thus we read, in Liv., xxi., 41, non vereor ne quis hoc me vestri adhortandi causa magnifice loqui existimet; Cic., de Divin., ii., 17, doleo tantum Stoicos vestros Epicureis irridendi sui facultatem dedisse; in Cat., i., 3, quum multi principes civitatis Romā non tam sui conservandi, quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causă profugerunt; and frequently in Caesar; e. g., Bell. Gall., iii., 6, neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt; iv., 13, in castra venerunt, sui purgandi causa. No instance has yet been found of a feminine mei or nostri being joined with the mascul. (or neuter) of the participle, but there is no reason for doubting it. It must be supposed that this peculiarity arises from the singular form of these genitives, which are properly derived from the neuters meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum (analogous to the Greek тò ¿μòv, tò nμétεpov). But with the demonstrative pronouns, ejus, hujus, illius, the rule respecting the agreement between the noun and participle is observed, although ejus, referring to a woman, is found with the genit. masc. of the participle, in Terent., Phorm., i., 3, 24, and Hec., iii., 3, 12 (for in Phorm., v., 6, 40, this is only a correction of Bentley).

[$ 661.] A similar irregularity, but more difficult to explain, occurs in the combination of the genitive of the gerund with the genitive plural of substantives, instead of the accusative. It is found not only in some passages of Plautus and Terence, and frequently in Gellius, who was fond of reviving obsolete forms, but also in the following passages of Cicero, de Invent., ii., 2, ex majore enim copia nobis, quam illi, fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas; de Univ., § 9, reliquorum siderum quae causa collocandi fuerit, quaeque eorum sit collocatio, in alium sermonem differendum est; in Verr., ii., 31, homines quibus ne rejiciundi quidem amplius quam trium judicum praeclarae leges Corneliae faciunt potestatem; in Verr., iv., 47, earum autem rerum nullam sibi iste neque infitiandi rationem, neque defendendi facultatem reliquit; Philip., v., 3, Agitur, utrum M. Antonio facultas detur opprimendae rei publicae, caedis faciendae bonorum, diripiendae urbis, agrorum suis latronibus condonandi, populum Romanum servitute opprimendi: an horum nihil facere ei liceat. It once occurs in Cicero with the genit. plur. of a pronoun; de Fin., v., 7, eorum (for ea) adipiscendi causa. Comp. Sueton., Aug., 98, permissa licentia diripiendi pomorum, with the remarks of the commentators. We are of opinion that the noun, which properly depends upon the gerund, is by some confusion, of which instances occur in every language, connected and made to depend upon the substantive. Suetonius, e. g., might have said licentia diripiendi poma, or licentia pomorum diripiendorum; but what he does say is

a combination of both. Another method of explaining this peculiarity is adopted by Kritz (or Sallust, Cat., 31), who thinks that the gerund and the leading substantive are so closely united as to constitute only one idea, and form, as it were, only one compound word; as, eligendi potestas (elective power), exemplorum (of examples). But see Madvig on Cic., de Fin., i., 18, 60.

[$662.] Note 2.-The genitive in general serves to express quality in the case of a substantive joined to an adjective; and hence the genitive, not only of a gerund, but of a substantive joined with the participle future passive and esse, is used in the sense of "having a tendency to a thing," or, "serving a certain purpose;" e. g., Sallust, Cat., 6, Regium imperium initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei publicae fuerat; Caes., Bell. Alex., 65, quum multa contra morem consuetudinemque militarem fierent, quae dissolvendae disciplinae severitatisque essent; Liv., xxvii., 9, haec prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae sunt; xl., 29, lectis rerum summis quum animadvertisset pleraque dissolvendarum religionum esse, L. Petillio dixit, sese eos libros in ignem conjecturum esse. The same construction occurs frequently in this author; comp. iii., 39, and xxxviii., 50, nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse, and v., 3, with the notes of Gronovius and Drakenborch. Esse must be understood in Sallust, Jug., 88, quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi cognovit ; and in direct connexion with a substantive in Sallust's speech of Lepidus, in the Fragm. Hist., lib. i., Sulla eo processit, ut nihil gloriosum nisi tutum et omnia retinendae dominationis honesta aestumet; i. e., omnia quae sunt dominationis retinendae. In Cicero this use of the genitive with esse occurs only de Leg., ii., 23, Cetera in duodecim (tabulis) minuendi sunt sumptus lamentationisque funeris; and in Verr., ii., 53, ut studia cupiditatesque honorum atque ambitiones ex omnibus civitatibus tolleret, quae res evertendae rei publicae solent esse, which, according to the above examples, it is better to consider as a genitive than as a dative, for which Garatoni takes it.

(Carthagine) pro se quisque quae diutinae obsidionis tolerandae sunt, ex agris convehit, Liv., xxx., 9.

[§ 663.] Note 3.-It is a deviation from the ordinary principles of the Latin Syntax, and a decided imitation of the Greek idiom, to use the genitive of the gerund to express a purpose or intention (it does not occur in Cicero), for this is generally expressed by the addition of causa, or by the dative of the gerund. (See 764.) Another irregular use of the genitive of the gerund, instead of the infinitive, occurs in Tacit., Ann., ii., 43, Plancinam haud dubie Augusta monuit muliebri aemulatione Agrippinam insectandi, though the genitive may, perhaps, be explained as dependent upon monere; but in Ann., xiii., 26, nec grave manumissis, per idem obsequium retinendi libertatem, per quod assecuti sunt; xv., 21, maneat provincialibus potentiam suam tali modo ostentandi; and xv., 5, Vologesi vetus et penitus infixum erat arma Romana vitandi-the genitive of the gerund is used quite in the sense of the infinitive, and can scarcely be explained otherwise than by the ellipsis of negotium, TO TOŨ QɛúуEL. Compare the observations of Gronovius on Livy, xxxv., 49.

[§ 664.] 4. The dative of the gerund is used after adjectives which govern this case (§ 409), especially after utilis, inutilis, noxius, par, aptus, idoneus, and after verbs and other expressions de: oting a purpose or design. In this sense, however, it is much more common, at least in Cicero, to use ad with the accusative of the gerund, or a clause with ut. (The expressions which, from their meaning, are most frequently joined with the dative of the gerund, are, studere, intentum esse, tempus impendere, tempus

consumere or insumere, operam dare, sufficere, satis esse, deesse and esse, in the sense "serving for," "being adequate to." In the language of the silver age, however, the dative is not limited to particular expressions, but is used very extensively, chiefly after verbs of motion, to express the purpose.) The participle future passive, as was remarked above, is used much more frequently than the dative of the gerund with ad and the accusative. Aqua nitrosa utilis est bibendo, Plin., Hist. Nat., xxxvi., 6. Non fuit consilium socordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere, neque vero agrum colendo aut venando intentum aetatem agere, Sallust, Cat., 4.

Brutus quum studere revocandis in urbem regibus liberos suos comperisset, securi eos percussit, Flor., i., 9. Tiberius quasi firmandae valetudini in Campaniam concessit, Tacit., Ann., iii., 31.

Note 1.-Esse with the dative of the gerund is usually explained by the ellipsis of idoneus, but it is better not to have recourse to an ellipsis, and to consider it analogous to the expression auxilio alicui esse. Thus we read in Cicero, non solvendo esse, to be insolvent; in Livy, ii., 8, divites, qui oneri ferendo essent, able to bear the burden; xxvii., 25, rem publicam esse gratiae referendae, able to show its gratitude; and in Celsus, viii., 10, 7, medicamenta, quae puri movendo sunt. We must add the political expression scribendo affuerunt; i. e., at the drawing up of a senatus consultum, there were present.

[ 665.] Note 2.-The dative of the gerund is generally, also, used with the names of dignities and offices; e. g., decemviri legibus scribendis, the ten commissioners for drawing up a code of laws; duumvir, or, quindecimur sacris faciundis; triumvir agro dando; triumvir coloniis deducendis, juventuti conquirendae, senatui legendo; tresviri rei publicae constituendae, and also with the word comitia; as in Livy, comitia regi creando, creandis decemviris, though here the genitive may also be used.

[§ 666.] 5. The accusative of the gerund is always dependent upon prepositions, most frequently upon ad (to), or inter (during or amid), but sometimes, also, upon ante, circa, and ob. The change into the passive construction, with the participle future, takes place almost invariably when the gerund governs an accusative.

Mores puerorum se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt, Quintil., i., 3.

Musicen natura ipsa nobis videtur ad tolerandos facilius labores velut muneri dedisse, Quintil., i., 10, 16.

Note. The beginner must particularly attend to the use of the gerund (without a noun) with inter, which is equivalent to our "during," or "amid ;" e. g., inter eundum, inter bibendum, inter ambulandum, inter vapulandum.

[§ 667.] 6. The ablative of the gerund is used: (a)

Without a preposition, as an ablativus instrumenti. (b) With the prepositions ab, de, ex, and in. In the first case the construction is commonly, and in the latter always, changed into the passive when the gerund governs an accusative. The accusative of a neuter pronoun or adjective alone is generally retained. (See § 656, and the last of the following passages.)

Hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando, Cic., de Off. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam adeptus est, Sallust, Cat., 54.

Superstitione tollenda non tollitur religio, Cic., de Divin., ii., in fin.

Fortitudo in laboribus periculisque subeundis cernitur, temperantia in praetermittendis voluptatibus, prudentia in delectu bonorum et malorum, justitia in suo cuique tribuendo, Cic., de Fin., v., 23.

Note. The ablative of the gerund is very rarely employed in any other way; Cic., de Off., i., 15, nullum officium referenda gratia magis necessarium est, instead of relatione gratiae; Liv., vi., 14, nec jam possidendis publicis agris contentos esse, instead of possessione agrorum. To the prepositions found with the ablative of the gerund we must add pro, which occurs in a passage of Livy, xxiii., 28, pro ope ferenda sociis pergit ire ipse ad urbem dedi tam nuper in fidem Romanorum oppugnandam, instead of giving assistance to his allies. An irregular use of the ablat. of the gerund occurs in Tacit., Ann., xiv., 4, Nero matrem prosequitur abeuntem, artius oculis et pectori hae rens, sive explenda simulatione seu periturae matris supremus aspectus quamvis ferum animum retinebat, where the ablat. is employed for the dative; Ann., iii., 19, is finis fuit ulciscenda Germanici morte; here the ablative implies time: "in avenging the death of Germanicus."

[§ 668.] 1. THE two supines are, in form, cases of a verbal substantive of the fourth declension. The first supine, or that in um, is the accusative, and the second, or that in u, may be either the dative or the ablative, according to § 81. But with regard to construction, the supine in um remains a true part of a verb, for it does not govern the genitive, but the case of the verb. The supine in u does not govern any case, and for this reason we assign to it a passive meaning.

2. The supine in um is used with verbs which express motion to a place; e. g., ire, proficisci, contendere, pergere,

* [Consult note on page 120.]-Am. Ed.