rectly quoting some one's words, and the supplying it from some preceding verb, see above, § 620. Even without another verb preceding, dicit is sometimes omitted in quoting a person's words; e. g., Cic., de Nat. Deor., ii., 14, Scite enim Chrysippus: ut gladii causa vaginam, sic praeter mundum cetera omnia aliorum causa esse generata. The omission of the idea implied in "I will tell you," or, "let me tell you" in the apodosis, and commonly after a protasis with ne, is of a different nature; e. g., Čic., p. Arch., 1, Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur—(let me tell you) ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus unquam dediti fuimus; in Verr., ii., 73, Ac ne forte omnia ita condita fuisse videantur: quae consilso aliquo aut ratione inveniri potuerunt, inventa sunt, judices.

[§ 773.] 15. In adjurations the verb oro (or rogo, precor, &c.) is frequently omitted after the preposition per (by), which makes the accusative of the person adjured appear to depend on the preposition. Curt., iv., 55 (14), Per ego vos deos patrios, vindicate ab ultimo dedecore nomen gentemque Persarum. The construction is this, per deos patrios vos oro, vindicate. Gronov., in the 7th vol. of Drakenborch's Livy, p. 187 (on Liv., xxix., 18, 9) has collected numerous examples of this kind. Comp. § 794.

In the wish Di meliora! either the verb dent is omitted, or velint, as we find at full length in Ovid, Metam., vii., 37, Di meliora velint; Juven., vii., 207, Di, majorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram! supply date.

[§ 774.] 16. As occasionally in English, so often in Latin, a verb is put once only instead of twice, being left to be supplied the second time; e. g., in Cic., de Leg., iii., 13, ut enim cupiditatibus principum et vitiis infici solet tota civitas, sic emendari et corrigi continentia; and even when the persons are different; as, e. g., magis ego te amo quam tu me, supply amas. From a preceding negative verb the corresponding positive verb is sometimes left to be supplied; as, e. g., from nego, dico; from veto, jubeo; in which case the copulative et obtains the signification of the adversative sed; e. g., Cic., ad Att., vii., 15, plerique negant, Caesarem in condicione mansurum, postulataque haec ab eo interposita esse, quo minus quod opus esset ad bellum a nobis pararetur, which we should in English express either by "most people say that—not—and that," &c., or by using two verbs. Comp. de Leg., ii., 27, § 67. Farther, in a

relative clause-an infinitive is left to be supplied from the tempus finitum of the main proposition; as, e. g., quos voluit omnes interfecit, "he caused all whom he wished to be killed;" rogat Rubrium, ut, quos commodum ei sit, invitet; non facile irascetur judex cui tu velis, viz., eum irasci; and even in cases where an infinitive future is to be supplied; e. g., Cic., de Off., ii., 22, ne illam quidem consequuntur, quam putant, gratiam; i. e., quam se consecuturos putant. An ellipsis of the infinitive takes place, also, in indirect discourse after relatives, where the verb, if it were repeated, would have to be put in the subjunctive ; and it deserves to be noticed that the subject of the omitted infinitive is put in the accusative; e. g., Cic., in Verr., iii., 92, (Verres) aiebat se tantidem aestimasse, quanti Sacerdotem, for quanti Sacerdos aestimasset; p. Lig., 1, confitetur se in ea parte fuisse, qua te, qua virum omni laude dignum patrem tuum; de Fin., iv., 20, Zeno negat, Platonem, si sapiens non sit, eadem esse in causa, qua tyrannum Dionysium; Liv., viii., 14, Cumanos Suessulanosque ejusdem juris condicionisque, cujus Capuam, esse placuit; i. e., cujus Capua esset. See § 603. The same attraction to the case of the leading proposition, which is general in the construction of the accus. with the infinit., sometimes, also, occurs with the participle; as, Nep., Hann., 5, Hannibal Minucium, magistrum equitum, pari ac dictatorem dolo productum in proelium, fugavit; Liv., xxxiv., 32, nam et Messeren uno et eodem jure foederis, quo et Lacedaemonem, in amicitiam nostram receptam, sociam nobis urbem, vi atque armis cepisti; and in the construction of the ablat. absol., Liv., iv., 39, Quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum; i., 29, raptim quibus quisque poterat elatis. Other kinds of attraction of the relative pronoun are of Greek origin, and very rarely used; as, Lucceius in Cic., ad Fam., v., 14, quum aliquid agas eorum, quorum consuesti; Horat., Serm., i., 6, 15, judice, quo nosti, populo, where Bentley has collected some similar passages from Gellius; but Terent., Heaut., i., 1, 35, hoc quidem causa, qua dixi tibi, is of a different kind, as the ellipsis me scire velle is to be supplied from the preceding scire hoc vis?

Note.-A peculiar construction of quam qui with the superlative is explained by the omission of the verb; Cicero, ad Fam., xiii., 3, tam mihi gra tum id erit, quam quod gratissimum; ibid., v., 2, tam enim sum amicus reipub licae, quam qui maxime; pro Sull., 31, tam sum misericors, judices, quam vos, tam mitis, quam qui lenissimus. So, also, ut qui, without a preceding tam;

e. g., Cic., ad Fam., xiii., 62, Te semper sic colam et tuebor, ut quem diligen tissime; Quintil., iii., 8, 12, deliberatio affectus, ut quae maxime, postulat.

[§ 775.] 17. Zeugma (Sɛvyua, called by some syllepsis) is that form of expression in which a verb which grammatically belongs to two or more nouns is, as to its meaning, applicable only to one; so that to the other noun or nouns another verb, sometimes of a quite different meaning, must be supplied. This mode of expression is not unfrequent in the poets, and in those prose writers who are fond of deviating from the common mode of speaking; e. g., Tac., Ann., ii., 20, Germanicus, quod arduum, sibi, cetera legatis permisit, where from permisit, another verb, perhaps sumpsit, must be supplied with sibi; ibid., iii., 12, si legatus officii terminos, obsequium erga Imperatorem exuit, where to terminos we may supply excessit. Sallust, Jug., 46, In Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et militiae erat, uti, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior esset, in incerto haberetur. Pacem gerere is not said, but pacem agere; on the other hand, bellum gerere is common. But even in Cicero we find similar expressions; p. Mil., 1, illa arma, centuriones, cohortes non periculum nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant, where the verb denuntiare, "to threaten," is applicable only to periculum, and for praesidium we must supply promittunt.

[§ 776.] 18. The auxiliary verb esse is frequently omitted with the infinitives formed by means of it. This is so common with the infin. perf. pass., depending on oportet, that it may be regarded as the ordinary usage; as in Terence, adolescenti morem gestum oportuit; ancillas non oportuit relictas; Cicero, quod jam pridem factum oportuit; totam rem Lucullo integram servatam oportuit; signum ablatum non oportuit, &c. Comp. § 611. As regards the other forms, it is only the third persons of the present, est and sunt, which, in the tenses of the passive, are omitted; though not so frequently in Cicero as in later prose writers. Cicero, however, especially in his philosophical writings, often omits est and sunt, as the predicate verb with adjectives; e. g., Cic., de Off., i., 12, Poeni foedifragi, crudelis Hannibal: reliqui justiores; and in proverbial phrases this is almost the general practice; summum_jus summa injuria, in Cic., de Off., i., 10; omnia praeclara rara, Lael., 21; jucundi acti labores, de Fin., ii., 32; quot homines tot sententiae, suus cuique mos, in Terence, Phorm. ii., 4, 14.

Note.--In speaking of the passive forms, it deserves to be noticed that est is most frequently omitted with the fut. part. passive; Cic., Cat. Maj., 11, Habenda ratio valetudinis, utendum modicis exercitationibus; but it is done only in short sentences, and when rhetorical emphasis is aimed at.

[§ 777.] 19. Ut (as) in interposed clauses, such as ut opinor, ut puto, ut censeo, ut credo, is not unfrequently omitted, as is the case, also, in English. It must be observed that credo, used in this manner, very often takes an ironical meaning, like our "I should think;" "I should think;" e. g., Cic., de Fin., i., 3, male, credo, mererer de meis civibus, si ad eorum cognitionem divina illa ingenia transferrem. The other verbs, however, are much more frequently used as leading verbs followed by the accus. with the infin.; hence it is not advisable to say, e. g., nondum domi erat, ut sciebam; nondum Romam venisti, ut puto, but rather nondum eum domi esse sciebam; nondum Romam te advenisse puto: this construction is especially common with relatives; e. g., libri, quos putabam mihi surreptos esse, reperti sunt.

[§ 778.] 20. A proposition is sometimes pleonastically put with two nouns joined by et or aut; respecting this, see § 744, foll. On the other hand, an ellipsis of a preposition takes place when it is omitted with the first of two nouns, and put with the second only. This is, however, not often the case, and only in the poets; e. g., Horat., Carm., iii., 25, Quae nemora, aut quos agor in specus, for in quae nemora aut in quos specus agor: comp. Bentley's note to this passage; Epist., ii., 1, 25, foedera regum vel Gabiis vel cum rigidis aequata Sabinis. Another ellipsis of a preposition with the relative pronoun, together with the ellipsis of the verb which preceded with the demonstrative, is of more frequent occurrence; e. g., Cic., ad Att., viii., 15, in eadem opinione fui, qua reliqui omnes, properly in qua reliqui omnes fuerunt; p. Rosc. Am., 44, In quem hoc dicam, quaeris, Eruci? Non in eum, quem vis et putas, for in quem vis et putas me dicere; Tusc., i., 46, si opinamur eos, quibus orbati sumus, esse cum aliquo sensu in iis malis, quibus vulgo opinantur; i. e., in quibus eos esse vulgo homines opinantur. Quintil., vi., 1, 16, si percussus sit ab eo, quo minime oportuit. See § 774, and comp. Heindorf on Cic., de Nat. Deor., i., 12.

[§ 779.] 21. In the phrase tantum abest ut, followed by another clause with ut, an adverb, such as potius (rather), contra (on the contrary), seems to be omitted with the second ut. This potius, however, is never added, and contra

but rarely; for the second clause with ut, another construction with vix or etiam is sometimes used; e. g., Cic., Orat., 29, in quo tantum abest, ut nostra miremur, ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus, ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse Demosthenes; Tusc., v., 2, ac philosophia quidem tantum abest, ut proinde ac de hominum vita est merita laudetur, ut a plerisque neglecta a multis etiam vituperetur; Brut., 80, tantum abfuit, ut inflammares nostros animos: somnum vix tenebamus.

[§ 780.] 22. The conjunction si in the protasis is often omitted in Latin, as is sometimes done in English with "if;" in this case it is doubtful whether the clause should not be considered as a question, it being pronounced with the tone of a question; e. g., Cic., in Rûll., ii., 25, Libet agros emi. Primum quaero quos agros? et quibus in locis? you will buy lands, or, will you buy lands? i. e., if you will buy lands, I will first ask, &c.; Juven., iii., 100, Rides, majore cachinno concutitur: flet, si lacrimas conspexit amici, nec dolet; Horat., Serm., ii., 6, 50, Frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor: quicunque obvius est me consulit; Cic., in Rull., ii., 15, Commodum erit Pergamumtotam denique Asiam populi Romani factam esse dicere: utrum oratio ad ejus rei disputationem deerit, an impelli non poterit ut falsum judicet? The future perfect is particularly frequent in these sentences; as, Cic., in Verr., iii., 2, Furem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris; vitanda tibi semper erit omnis avaritiae suspicio. Maleficum quempiam adduxeris aut crudelem: cavendum erit semper, ne qua in re asperior aut inhumanior fuisse videare; Horat., Serm., ii., 3, 292, casus medicusve levarit aegrum ex praecipiti, mater delira necabit, "should chance or the physician have saved him;" i. e., "if chance, &c., has saved him, the mother will destroy him;" Terent., Phorm., i., 2, 35, Unum cognoris, omnes noris, "if you know one, you know all.” Also, with the imperf. and pluperf. subjunctive, in supposing a case which is known not to be a real one; in Verr., iii., 97, negaret hac aestimatione se usum: vos id homini credidisse videremini, for si negaret; de Off., iii., 19, Dares hanc vim M. Crasso, ut digitorum percussione heres posset scriptus esse, qui re vera non esset heres: in foro, mihi crede, saltaret; Plin., Epist., i., 12, Dedisses huic animo pus, fecisset quod optabat, for si dedisses.

par cor

[§ 781.] 23. The conjunctions vero, autem, are frequent.