November, December. Iter makes its genit. (from a different nominat.) itineris. Juppiter (Jovi' pater) makes the genitive Jovis, without the addition of patris. Greek words in er follow the rules of the Greek language, whence we say crater, eris; aer, aeris. Ver (the spring), gen. vēris, originally belonged to the same class.

(c) Nouns ending in yr are Greek, and follow the rules of the Greek Grammar: martyr, martyris.

(d) Those in or have ōris; as, amor, error, soror; but arbor, the three neuters ador, aequor, marmor, and the adjective memor, have oris. Cor has cordis, and so also in the compounded adjectives concors, discors, misericors. Greek proper names, such as Hector, Nestor, and others, have oris, as in Greek.

(e) Those in ur have ŭris, e. g., fulgur, vultur, and the adject. cicur. Für (a thief) alone has furis; and the four neuters ebur, femur, jecur, and robur have oris, as ebõris, roboris. Jecur has, besides jecoris, also the forms jecinoris, jocinoris, and jocineris.

[§ 58.] 9. Those ending in s are very numerous; they may terminate in as, es, is, os, us, aus, or in s, with a consonant preceding it.

(a) Those in as form their genitive in ātis; as, aetas, aetatis. Anas alone has anătis; mas has măris; vas (a surety), vădis; vās (a vessel), vāsis, and as, assis. The Greek words vary according to their gender; the masculines make antis, the feminines ădis, and the neuters atis. (See the Greek Grammar.) Consequently, Pallas, the name of a male being, has the genit. Pallantis, like gigas, gigantis; as the name of the goddess Minerva, Palladis; and artocreas neut. has artocreătis.

(b) Those ending in es must be divided into two classes. Those belonging to the first increase in the genitive, the letter d or t, which was dropped in the nominative, being restored to its place, and their termination is either itis, ĕtis, ētis, or idis, ēdis, ēdis. The genitive in itis occurs in most of them, as in antistes, comes, eques, hospes, miles, pedes, satelles, caespes, fomes, gugs, limes, merges, palmes, stipes, and trames, together with the adjectives ales, cocles, dives, sospes, and superstes, in all of which the ĕs is short. (See § 28.) The following make their genitive in ĕtis: abies, aries, paries, interpres, seges, teges, and the adjectives hebes, indiges, praepes, and teres. The genit. in ētis oc

E

curs in the Greek words lebes, tapes, Cebes, Magnes; in the words quies, inquies, requies, and the adjective iocu ples. Those which make idis are, obses, praeses, and the adject. deses and reses. The genitive in ĕdis occurs in pēs, pedis, and its compounds, e. g., the plural compedes Heres and merces, lastly, make their genitive in ēdis. The following words must be remembered separately: bes bessis; Ceres, Cereris; pubes and impubes, puberis and impuberis; but the forms impubis, genit. impubis, neut impube, are also found. The proper name Caeres (from the town of Caere), has Caeritis and Caeritis. The second class of words in es change the es of the nominative into is, without increase, such as caedes, clades, fames, nubes, rupes; it must also be observed that several words be longing to this class vary in the termination of the nomi native between es and is, so that along with feles, vulpes vehes, aedes, we also have vulpis, vehis, aedis (see Liv. iv., 25; Cic. in Verr., iv., 55); and, on the other hand, we have torques and valles, along with the more usual forms torquis and vallis.

(c) Most words in is form their genitive in is, without any increase; as, avis, civis, panis, piscis, and a great many others, together with the adjectives in is, e. Others increase by one syllable, and make their genitive in idis, itis, or ĕris: idis occurs in cassis, cuspis, lapis, and in the Greek words aegis and pyramis; itis occurs only in lis, Quiris, and Samnis, plur. Quirites, Samnites; and ĕris only in cinis, cucumis, and pulvis, gen. cineris, cucumĕris, and pulveris. Glis has gliris; pollis (the existence of which, in the nominative, cannot be proved, so that some suppose pollen to have been the nom.) and sanguis have pollinis, sanguinis (but the compound exsanguis remains in the genit. exsanguis); semis, being a compound of as, makes semissis. Greek words which have the genit. in Los or εws form their genit. in Latin in is, without increase; but, if their genit. is doc, they increase in Latin, and have idis. Of the former kind we have only the verbal substantives in sis; as, basis, mathesis, the names of towns compounded with róλus, e. g., Neapolis, and a few other proper names of the feminine gender, such as Lachesis, Nemesis, Syrtis, Charybdis. All other proper and common nouns regularly make the genitive in idis; tigris alone has both forms, and ibis, ibidis, takes in the

plural the shorter form ibes. Later authors use the geni tive in is, and the dative and ablative in i, instead of idis, idi, ide, in other cases also, such as Serapis, Tanais, for Serapidis, Tanaidis, and in the dat. and ablat., Serapi and Tanai, for Serapidi, Serapide, and Tanaidi, Tanaide. (See below, § 62.) Salamis stands alone by making its genitive Salaminis (from a nominative Salamin).

§ 59.] (d) Those in os sometimes have ōtis; as, cos, dos, nepos, sacerdos, and sometimes ōris, like ōs (the mouth), flos, glos, mos, ros, and, in like manner, honōs and lepōs, the more common forms for honor* and lepor. Custos makes custodis; os (bone), ossis; bos, bovis. The adjectives compos and impos have potis. The Greek masculines heros, Minos, and Trōs have ōis; and some neuters in os, such as Argos, epos, occur only in the nominative and accusative.

(e) of the words in us, the feminines in us make their genitive in utis; as, virtus, juventus, senectus; or ūdis, as the three words incus, palus, and subscus. Tellus alone has telluris, and Venus, Veneris. The neuters in us have sometimes ĕris, viz., foedus, funus, genus, latus, munus, olus, onus, opus, pondus, scelus, sidus, ulcus, vulnus; and sometimes oris; as, corpus, decus, dedecus, facinus, fenus, frigus, litus, nemus, pectus, pecus, which in another sense has pecudis, pignus, stercus, tempus, and the noun epicene lepus, lepòris, a hare. All monosyllables which have a long u form their genitive in ūris; as, crus, jus, pus, rus, tus, and mus. Grus and sus have uis: gruis, suis; the adjective vetus, veteris, and intercus, intercutis. Greek proper names in ūs have untis; as, Amathus, Selinus, Trapezus; the compounds of πous make põdis; as, tripus and Oedipus, which name, however, is sometimes made to follow the second declension, the us being in that case shortened. Polypus always follows the second.

(f) Greek words in ys make the genitive yis, contracted ys, or altogether in the Greek form yos. Some few, as chlamys, have ydis.

(g) The only nouns ending in aes are aes, aeris, and praes, praedis.

(h) There are only two words in aus, viz., laus and fraus, of which the genitives are laudis, fraudis.

* Cicero uses throughout only honos (for Philip., ix., 6, must be corrected from the Vatican MS.), and there is no doubt but that honor in the fragm. Pro Tullio, 21, ed. Peyron, must likewise be changed into honos.

(i) Among the nouns ending in s preceded by a consonant, those in ls (except puls), ns, and rs change the s into tis, e. g., fons, mons, pons, ars, pars, Mars—fontis, partis, &c. There are only a few, such as frons (a branch), glans, juglans, and some others, which make dis -frondis; but frons (the forehead) makes frontis. The other words in s with a consonant before it, that is, those in bs, ps, and ms, form their genitive in bis, pis, mis, e. g., urbs, urbis; plebs, plebis; stirps, stirpis; hiems, hiēmis, which is the only word of this termination. Caelebs has caelibis; the compounds of capio ending in ceps have ĭpis; as, princeps, particeps-principis, participis; auceps alone has aucupis. The compounds of caput, which likewise end in ceps, such as anceps, praeceps, biceps, triceps, make their genitive in cipitis, like căput, capitis. Greek words follow their own rules: those in ops make opis, as, Pelops, epops, merops; or opis, as, Cyclops, hydrops. Gryps (a griffon) has gryphis, and Tiryns, Tirynthis.

10. The termination t occurs only in caput and its compounds, gen. capitis.

[§ 60.] 11. The genitive of words in x varies between cis and gis, according as the x has arisen from cs or gs, which may be ascertained by the root of the word. The former is more common, and thus the following monosyllables, with a consonant before the x, make their genit. in cis: : arx, calx, falx, lanx, merx; gis occurs only in the Greek words phalanx, sphinx, and syrinx.

But when the x is preceded by a vowel, it must be as certained whether this vowel remains unchanged, and whether it is long or short. The Latin words in ax have acis; as, pax, fornax, and the adjectives, e. g., audax, effi cax. Fax alone has a short a, facis. Greek words, too, have mostly ācis; as, thorax, Ajax; and only a few have ăcis; as, corax, climax, while the names of men in nax have nactis, such as Astyanax, Demonax. Words in ex generally make their genitive in icis; as, judex, artifex, supplex; but ēgis occurs in rex and lex; and ĕgis in aquilex, grex, Lelex; ecis in nex, foenisex, and in precis (from prex, which is not used); ēcis in vervex, Myrmex. Remex has remīgis; senex, senis; and supellex, supellectilis. The words in ix sometimes make their genitive in icis and sometimes in icis. Of the former kind are cervix, cicatrix, cornix, co turnix, lodix, perdix, phoenix, radix, vibix, and all the

words in trix denoting women, such as nutrix, victrix, and the adjectives felix and pernix, and probably also appendix; icis occurs in calix, choenix, coxendix, filix, fornix, fulix, hystrix, larix, natrix, pix, salix, varix, and Cilix. Nix has nivis; and strix, strīgis. The words ending in ox have ōcis, e. g., vox, vōcis; ferox, ferocis; but two words have ocis, viz., Cappadox and the adjective praecox. Nox has noctis; Allobrox, Allobrogis. The following words in ux form the genitive in ucis: crux, dux, nux, and the adjective trux; the u is long only in two words, viz., lux and Pollux, genit. lūcis, Pollucis. Conjux (conjunx is established on better authorities) has conjugis, and frux (which, however, does not occur), frugis. The words in yx are Greek, and vary very much in the formation of their genitive: it may be ycis (Eryx), ycis (bombyx), ygis (Iapyx, Phryx, Styx), ygis (coccyx), and ychis (onyx). There is only one word ending in aex, viz., faex, gen. faecis, and in aux only faux, gen. faucis.

CHAPTER XV.

THE REMAINING CASES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[§ 61.] ALL the remaining cases follow the genitive in regard to the changes we have mentioned. It should be remarked that any other of the oblique cases might have been chosen, instead of the genitive, for the purpose of showing the changes in which all participate; but we have followed the common practice. It now only re mains to give a tabular view of the terminations.

Nom.
Gen. is.

Dat. i.

SINGULAR.

Acc. em (neut. like nom.). Acc. like nom.

Voc. like nom.

Abl. ě (some i).

Voc. like nom.

Abl. ibus.

Examples for exercise are contained in the preceding chapter; but we subjoin the following words, either with or without adjectives, as exercises in which the student may also apply the rules contained in the next chapters: Sol splendens (lucidus), the shining sun; agger eminens