Enós Marmor iuváto. (thrice.) triúmpé, triúmpe. found on the site of the grove and temple of the Dea Dia, five miles from Rome on the Via Campana; the present tablet in 1778. The prayer was sung by the brotherhood in the open air, accompanied by a solemn dance (tripodatio). It is in itself by far the most venerable specimen of Latin which we possess, but as our copy dates from 218 A.D., and as the carmen, handed down from an unknown antiquity by oral tradition, had doubtless become unintelligible to those who used it, it is impossible to say what alterations it had undergone, and we cannot by any means—interesting as it is -look on it as an uncorrupted monument of the early language. "Omnino," says Mommsen, "carmen hoc ex ipsis collegii libellis a quadratario exceptum non multo meliore condicione accepimus quam quae huius generis apud auctores leguntur." Hence I have reserved it for this place.— Each verse, except the last, is thrice repeated on the stone, with a few minor variations, of which sers (for sins) once, pleoris (for pleores) twice, and furere (for fu fere) once, may be mentioned. The metre is a rude Saturnian, with two isolated half-verses (cp. n. 98). Translation: Help us Lares: and let not, O Mars, plague and destruction come upon the multitude. Be satiate, fierce Mars, Call ye, in turns, on all the Semones. Help us, Mars. Huzza!' = V. 1. enos = nos. The e- probably as in έ-μé, ¿μov; a prothetic strengthening element.- Lases Lares. Similar cases of s preserved between two vowels, for later r, are asa, fesiae, Spusius, Vetusius, maiosibus, pignosa, arbosem; mostly isolated words preserved by grammarians. Introd. 16. See also n. 157, end of note. The Lares were important gods to the Arvales, for the brotherhood traced its origin to Acca Larentia and her sons. iuvate: Ritschl notes that *iovate was probably the original form. See on flovius, n. 104, l. 7.— V. 2. neve: the metre requires rather neu. — luem, ruem: accusatives of lues, rues. The latter word (= ruina) is known to us only through an obscure gloss. Both may well have had originally long u..— Marmar, and below Marmor, mean Mars. Apparently a reduplicated form. - sins sinas or sines. - pleores = plures; it stands for *ple-ios-es Thɛ-lov-εç. It is to be pronounced as two syllables. For the scansion in pleóres see on n. 74 (b.) v. 3.—V. 3. fu: imperative, 'be'; from the same root as fu-i. -fére: for the short thesis cp. note on 76, v. 4. — The words limen... berber have never yet been satisfactorily explained. Provisionally one might interpret with Preller: 'enter thy temple (cross the threshhold) and stay thy scourge:' in that case berber would be for verber, and sta might be transitive as in praesta te virum. But this is after all unlikely.-V. 4. semunis =sēmōnēs. Corssen points out that semunis can be no old form, but only a corruption of later imperial = = sidioned exemet, lecionesque Cartacinienses omnes maximosque macistratos luci palam post dies times. Just who the semones are it is hard to say. Most, connecting the word with se-r-o, sẽ-men, think them gods of husbandry, standing in a special relation to the Arvals. Mommsen takes them as 'divinities' in general, explaining the name as se homines (old form homōnes), ‘apart from men.'-advocapit advocabitis: future in imperative sense. Or perhaps rather advocabite, an imperative formation corresponding to the tenses in -bam and -bo. The p for b is unexampled and probably due to a mere blunder. In this line the brothers seem to address each other. cōnctos = cũnctos. Both contracted from *co-iunctos.-V. 6. Triumpe: Introd. 15. 150. CI. 195. On a stone of Parian marble found in the forum in 1566, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitol. C. Duilius defeated the Carthaginians in the famous sea-fight off Mylae, 494/260, and the columna rostrata in the forum was set up in commemoration of the event. The present inscription, which seems to be the one mentioned by Quintilian (i. 7, 12) as containing final d's, is beyond all doubt of a later date, cut in the time of the emperors. The only possible question is whether it be a copy, more or less modernized, of an older one, or was composed outright, in imitation of the old-fashioned language, by some antiquarian under Claudius. The latter is the view of Mommsen and Ritschl, and to it I heartily accede. What influences me is not so much the hyper-archaisms (macistratos, exfociont), nor the painful persistence of the ablative -d in forms where it is otherwise unknown, as rather the length of the document, its circumstantial, almost statistical, style, and its prose form. What sort of an inscription Duilius set up, if any, may be gathered from the Scipio-epitaphs and from the triumphal inscriptions in Saturnian form long after this time (see n. 217 fig.): it would have been brief, simple, and in Saturnians. We have then in this monument merely the work of a learned trifler: if the column had originally any inscription at all, it was one very different from this. - Line 1. Secestanos: read Segestanos. Cappears throughout for g (leciones, macistratos, exfociont, pucnandod, ceset, Cartaciniensis), although the sign G was in use in Duilius's time. — exemet: so cepet, ornavet, l. 5, 7, Introd. 57 (2). He raised the siege of Segesta. -L. 2. maximos macistratos is of course nominative, as primos, 1. 7. The whole Carth. army and their 'chief commander' retreat in broad daylight. Both macistratos and exfociont (= ecfugiunt) are impossible novem castreis exfociont. Macelamque opidom vi 5 pucnandod cepet. Enque eodem macistratud bene rem navebos marid consol primos ceset copiasque clasesque navales primos primos ornavet paravetque. Cumque eis navebos claseis Poenicas omnis item maxumas copias Cartaciniensis, praesented Hanibaled dictatored olorom, in altod marid pucnandod vicet. Vique naveis cepet cum socieis septeresmom unam, quinqueresmosque triresmosque naveis XXX, merset XIII. Aurom captom numei DOODCC. ΙΟ Arcentom captom, praeda, numei [] 15 Omne captom aes = mos quoque navaled praedad poplom donavet, primosque Cartaciniensis incenuos duxit in triumpod . . . eis capt forms, as one is an u-stem and the other from root fug- = $vy-. Evidently the author of the inscription fancied that any short u might have been ŏ in the early language.-L. 4. Macelam: Macella in Sicily.-L. 5, 6. En = in.—navebos: cp. Tempestatebus, n. 75 (b), l. 6. The ending -bos is elsewhere unknown. In line 8, below, the o of -bos is cut over an u: evidently the graver first cut navebus, and then tried to correct it. ceset = gessit.-L. 8. Poenicas = Pūnicas. So bello Poenicio, Lex agr., CI. 200, l. 75.-L. 10. dictatored: -ēd in ablative is unknown except in this inscription: Introd. 38, note. Cp. navaled, 1. 17, which, however, ought to be navalid. - olorom =ollorum. Introd. 49.-L. 12. triresmos: the form is good, and rests, no doubt, on ancient tradition: *resmo-s_is certainly the old form for rēmus (for *ret-mo-s, cp. έ-peт-μó-v), and trirēmi-s, like many other i-stems, was once an o-stem. The numbers in this line come from Oros. iv. 7.-L. 13-15. O=CIƆ or M : = 1000. = cccɔɔɔ= centum milia.-numei: 'coins'; of what value is not said.-arcentom captom, praeda: according to Mommsen, two sums of silver; 'the silver captured and that derived from sale of booty': together 200,000 pieces, and perhaps more. -captom aes: the sum total of the above gold and silver, reduced to Roman sestertii: the amount standing on the stone is vicies ter centena milia sestertium, and much is broken off. The bracketed signs are partly gone.-L. 16. poplom: see on n. 81. 151. 152. Lex Acilia repetundarum. CI. 198. Date 631/123 or 632/122. I have omitted this document, as well as the Lex agraria, on account of its fragmentary condition and the amount of explanation needful to make the remnants intelligible. It is on eleven fragments of a bronze plate, along the entire length of which the lines ran. Accordingly we have only detached parts of sentences. Many forms of this inscription have been already noticed by way of illustration, but. I will mention here a few other noteworthy ones.- attigat (1. 10): attigas in Plautus. One of the few remains of the Latin aorist: attigam is to attingam as λίπω to λείπω, or λάβω to λαμβάνω. Other aoristic forms are attulat, evěnat, parentes (oi TɛKÓVTεç). — detŏlerit (1. 21, 76)= detulerit. — oppedeis (1.31) — oppidis.— adessint (1. 63) = adsint or adfuerint; a formation like faxint: Introd. 59. - sed fraude (frude) sua (1. 64, 69) = sine fraude sua: see on n. 106, 1. 4. — possitur (ubei de plano recte legi possitur, 1. 66: the praetor is to post something 'where it can be properly read from the ground'), passive: so potestur, queatur (Lucr.), quitur (Caecil.), poteratur, etc., are known. Always with the passive infinitive. eiei, dat. sing., occurs seven times. CI. 200. = = Lex agraria. = Date 643/111. On the back of the same eleven fragments, and in the same incoherent state. Besides forms elsewhere spoken of, I note the following.- cavitum cautum (1. 6). — oqupatum = occupatum (1. 25).— domneis (1. 27) = dominis.- sed fraude sua: as in n. 151.-moinicipieis (1.31) = municipiis.— oppodum Chartago (1.81) oppidum Carthago (but Cartago, 1. 89). — mercassitur (1. 71) = mercatus erit. Passive from mercassit: Introd. 59. So iussitur (Cato R. R. 14), faxitur in an old formula, n. 163, end. = Respecting all the selections given in Part II., it must be said that little reliance can be placed on the antiquity of the text in detail. All of them have been more or less modernized in their grammatical forms in process of transmission to us, and in many cases it is clear that still more serious vicissitudes have befallen them. 153. Cato R. R. 141. Prayer to be used at the lustratio agri or ambarvalia, in the spring of the year. This is probably the best existing sample of a Roman carmen of the olden time. For its rhythmical form, see Introd. 69. It readily groups itself into verses and half-verses (of course no division of the sort is made in the mss.), and may be recited with four ictus in each half-verse (the last two ictus commonly being contiguous). Thus for example: quaésóque úti siés vólens própitiús fámiliaéque nóstraé. I have not thought it best to attempt an exact notation of each verse, partly because some may be read in more than one way, and partly because of 70 |