Evolutionary biology

adaptive adaptive radiation allele frequency allozyme amino acid ancestor average become behavior biological birds bristle number Chapter character chromosome cladistic coefficient coevolution competition correlation Cretaceous deleterious developmental differentiation distribution diversity Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster ecological effect environment environmental enzyme equilibrium evidence evolutionary change evolved example extinction rates factors favor females Figure fitness fossil record function gametes gene conversion gene flow genetic drift genetic variation genome genotypes geographic groups habitats heritability heterozygotes heterozygous higher taxa homozygotes homozygous host human hybrid inbreeding individual insects interactions Lewontin lineage linkage disequilibrium loci locus males mammals mating molecular morphological mutation natural selection neoteny nucleotide occur offspring organisms parasites pattern phenotype phylogenetic phylogeny plants polymorphism population predators prey proteins pseudogenes rate of evolution recombination region related species relative reproductive isolation sequence sexual similar South America speciation structure survival sympatric taxa taxon theory tion trait transposable elements variance