acted upon universally, and served to add double intensity to the passion for information then widely prevalent throughout every district. selection of examples, he contrives to demonstrate that the Romaic of the present period is nothing more than an admixture of these two ancient dialects. The charms of Christopoulo's verses, and the simplicity of the proposed expedient, quickly induced a host of proselytes; but again the arguments and ridicule of Korai were successful, and completely overthrew the system. Choosing a middle course between the contending factions, he proposed in the first place the abolition of the most glaring barbarisms of the modern tongue, the suppression of the French, Italian, and Turkish idioms, and the gradual eradication of Oriental and European terms: these redundancies and vices, as they were pruned away and corrected, were to be gradually replaced by the substitution of Hellenic phrases, as far as was advisable and consistent with the genius and construction of the modern language. This moderate and rational suggestion met at once with almost general approbation; in particular it was espoused by all who had any pretensions to literature, and though occasionally the ardour of its supporters hurried them into extremes and absurdity, it gained and still maintains its ground. From the period of this triumph of the Koraists the language has assumed something of an established form, and the writings of Economos,* Vamvas, Gazis, Argyropoulo,† Chrestary, Iatropoulo, Tricoupy, Polychroniadès, Piccolo, and Asopius have given a permanence to the doctrines of Korai which it will take a long course of time to undermine. *Professor in Smyrna, now an ecclesiastic in Russia. + Translator of the Esprit des Lois. Europe, in the mean time, was comparatively ignorant of the situation or circumstances of Greece; as the immediate scene of some political movements, attention had been occasionally directed towards it, but as yet no general interest had been aroused in its favour, nor had any intelligent accounts as yet appeared to dissipate the prevalent belief of its sluggish and insensate debasement. This error Korai undertook to correct, and in his Essay on the State of Civilization in Greece,* he unfolded one of the most luminous exposés of its intellectual and political progress.† *De l'Etat Actuel de la Civilization en Grèce. + Besides those works to which I have already alluded, Korai was likewise engaged in the preparation of a dictionary of ancient Greek, which was undertaken at the cost of the Prince Demetrius Morousi, and in which the most distinguished literati of Greece were employed: Charles Gkika, Vlastos (a physician), Vamvas, Psomaky, Logadés, Païsius, Platon, and Spyridion Valetas. The original projectors were Vlastos and Charles Gkika, the latter of whom especially had long been employed in translating and augmenting the Thesaurus of Henry Stephen. Morousi having undertaken to patronize the work, quickly procured them assistants, and used every exertion to procure for them copies of every existing lexicon. The design was to furnish an explanation of every word, to cite examples from classic authors, to mark the age of each term, and to supply a chronological synopsis of its variations in sense at each period of Greek literature. It was entitled the Kiẞwrós, or arch of the Greek language, and the printing commenced in 1817 at the patriarchal Thus ardently occupied in aiding the best of purposes, the long life of Korai has been passed in arduous and untiring exertions for the regeneration of his native land. Nor have his labours been either unappreciated or unsuccessful by his grateful countrymen he is regarded with something approaching to adoration; he has seen his numerous pupils become suc press; but owing to the bursting out of the revolution it was suspended ere it reached beyond the letter A. Korai likewise published an edition of the four first books of the Iliad, but at what period I have not learned, and one of the Faceties ('AσTea) of Hierocles. It is most likely to the latter that Schoel refers, "Un célèbre Helléniste, qui a gardé l'anonyme, les a publiées avec une traduction Françoise, Paris, 8vo. 1812. Edition forte rare, parce qu'elle n'est pas entrée dans le commerce." Litt. Grecq. 1. vi. c. 92. His latest work is an edition of the Politics of Aristotle (8vo. 1821), to which he has, as usual, prefixed a lengthened preface. Of its merits a writer in the Biographie des Contemporains thus speaks: "La préface très-étendue de cet ouvrage est un véritable traité de morale et de philosophie, analogue aux circonstances de la guerre avec les Turcs, et dans laquelle l'auteur recommande aux Grecs, entre autres choses, de repousser avec énergie les Capucins, les Jesuites, et les Ignorantins qui s'introduisent partout, et de former un clergé purement spirituel, comme le clergé Russe. Cette préface est regardée comme ce que M. Coray a écrit de plus fort et de plus eloquent en politique et en morale." (vol. v. p. 54.) A few others still remain, of which I have not got the particulars; amongst them are editions of Epictetus, Cebes, Lycurgus the orator, Athenæus, Diodorus Siculus, Herodotus, Lucian, and Quintus Calaber. cessively the lights and ornaments of their generation; and he has the proud satisfaction, ere passing to the grave, to see his labours crowned with the brightest success, and Greece, stimulated by his example and guided by his counsels, emerge from her long lethargy of barbarism, and assume once more her place amongst the nations of civilized Europe. Seminaries for public instruction were in the mean time in active operation, not only throughout Greece itself, but in every situation where taste or tyranny had compelled its inhabitants to establish themselves. In Moldavia and Wallachia the lyceums of Bucharest and Yassi, which were in existence from the latter end of the seventeenth century,* and had * At Bucharest a college was founded in 1810, under the auspices of the Emperor Alexander, and endowed by the Bishop Ignatius from the ecclesiastical revenues of the province of Wallachia. In six months there were two hundred and fifty students, and twelve masters who taught Hellenic, Latin, Russian, French, and German-metaphysics, rhetoric, history, mathematics, geography, astronomy, and experimental philosophy. A literary society was established at the same place, but it is doubtful whether the circumstances under which Wallachia has been once more placed by the late treaty of peace between the court of St. Petersburgh and the Porte, will allow either of these foundations to remain in the same condition as when the country was in possession of the Russians. Leake, p. 229. Carrel, p. 267, &c. been sedulously protected by the successive Hospodars, sent forth a number of scholars, whose patriotic exertions and literary labours were productive of the most striking results.* Amongst the most remarkable modern scholars of the northern schools were Photiades, who obtained the Professor's chair at Bucharest in 1795, Vardalachos, his successor, and Neophytus Doukas, an Epiriot, (whom I have mentioned before as one of the reformers of the language,) who obtained the same dignity at a later period. Photiades (Lambro) was a native of Joannina, where his personal qualities endeared him as strongly to the affections of his friends as his talents and services entitled him to the gratitude of the nation. He was amongst the first of those reformers of education who appeared after the death of Rhiga, and no individual of his contemporaries has left so many distinguished pupils to attest the abilities of their early instructor. Doukas was one of his most successful scholars, and seemed to inherit with the learning, the liberality and patriotism of his master. Amongst his other pupils were George Emmanuel, of Tenedos, translator of Gesner's Death of Abel, and of Montesquieu's Grandeur et Décadence; and Chrestari, of Joannina, the physician to whom I have before alluded, besides members of the families of Vakaresko, Kampignan, Philippesko, Golesko, and the other eminent houses of the Hospodariats. Photiades was at once the tutor, the friend, and the father of his pupils; beyond their advantage he had no engrossing object; and his death, which occurred in 1805, was regarded as a national calamity. His works, which evince more elegance of taste than profundity of erudition, include some Hellenic poems, paraphrases of Pindar, and interpretations of the |