The schools of Joannina, one of which had existed from the latter end of the seventeenth century,* received valuable assistance and encouragement from the patronage of Ali Pacha. In one, the most ancient, the number of pupils

of society so virtuous and primitive, but the influx of inordinate wealth amongst a people as yet immatured in those principles which can alone ensure the stability of social happiness, proved disastrous to the merchants of Ampelakia. The property of the commandite increasing in a degree beyond all precedent, their capital was soon swollen to an extent which precluded the possibility of advantageous employment. More liberal dividends were in consequence resorted to, and pride and luxury springing up amongst the wealthier speculators, disunion and rivalry were again restored. After a few years of incredible prosperity, the trading association became distracted by dissension and envy, the commandite was dissolved, competition in all its ruinous consequences was brought back, poverty and vice were again returning, and Ampelakia appeared to be merging into its former barbarism, when in the tempest of the late revolution it was ravaged by the Turkish troops, its factories destroyed, its schools dispersed, their treasures scattered, and the once happy community reduced in an hour to destitution and slavery.

* It was founded by a merchant named Gkione, who had made an ample fortune in Wallachia, but its funds being vested in the bank of Venice, which was taken possession of by the French in 1797, its support has latterly devolved on the family of the Zosimas, who have justly earned by their liberality to learning the title of the Medicis of Modern Greece.

amounted, in 1815, to upwards of three hundred, whose education was superintended by a Signor Balano, the descendant of a family who had long been employed in the same occupation, and whose treatises on Mathematics and Arithmetic are still in the highest repute.* The direction of the other was entrusted by the Vizir to Athanasio Psalidas, a disciple of the celebrated Kant, under whose care it became one of the most eminent institutions in Greece. Every branch of elementary education was included in its course; but the particular advantages of the knowledge which it was the medium of communicating, were perhaps less estimable than the general taste for instruction which it diffused throughout Epirus. During the period of its prosperity it attracted around it the learned men of the adjoining provinces, and was the means of introducing at Joannina a purity of language, and a refinement of style, which was surpassed only by the Phanariot nobles of the capital.†

Hughes, v. ii. p. 24. Leake, p. 79.

+ The claims of Joannina to superior purity of language and advancement in literature have been contested by various travellers who have visited Epirus; Lord Byron, in a note to the second canto of Childe Harold, and Mr. Douglas, in his Essay on the Modern Greeks, (p. 74.) have equally asserted its claims; but Mr. Hughes, though he admits the

At Athens there existed, prior to the late revolution, an extensive seminary, provided with a library and all the essentials for literary and scientific education ;* and a learned society, under the title of the "Lovers of the Muses,"† was formed about the year 1814, chiefly by

general refinement of language, (v. ii. p. 73.) ridicules the idea of any literary eminence to which the capital of the modern Pyrrhus can lay claim. (Ib. p. 71.) Be it as it may, Greece, as regards education, is more indebted to the natives of Joannina than to the inhabitants of any other district; the enthusiasm of the brothers Zosima was warmly participated in by the family of the Kaplani, who were distinguished as patrons of learning; and amongst its scholars it is sufficient to name Kankellariu, the translator of Rollin and Voltaire's Peter the Great, the brothers Balano, to whom I have already alluded, and Psalidas, who is author of a treatise on true happiness, ('Aλnoǹs evdaμovía,) founded on the philosophy of Kant. An account of the latter individual, by no means flattering, will be found in Hughes' Travels, (vol. i. pp. 441, 450); some additional particulars are given by Dr. Holland, and Lord Byron has made honourable mention of him in the note before referred to. He is at present resident profits of a small school.

at Corfu, and is supported by the Rizo, Cours, &c. pp. 71. 145. Carrel, p. 267. Douglas, p. 74. Leake, pp. 85. 227. 229.

See an account of this seminary in Hughes' Travels, v. i. p. 301. and in Jowett's Researches, p. 80.

+ Φιλομούσων εταιρια.

Rabbe, p. 174. Count Pecchio says 1813, (Picture of Greece in 1825, v. ii.) and Soutzo 1815, (Histoire de la Revolution Grecque, p. 12.)

the influence of some literary foreigners. Its objects comprised every thing connected with the pursuit of knowledge, the foundation of a library and museum, the establishment of schools throughout Greece, and the translation and composition of scientific works for the use of students.

The Morea likewise had its seminaries at Dimitzana, Tripolizza, and Napoli di Romania, of minor extent but of proportionate importance; and throughout the isles of the Ægean, especially those which enjoyed any considerable share of commerce, an equal desire was manifested for the acquisition of learning and the cultivation of mind. The French, in the Ionian Islands, had by their influence given a new impulse to the progress of instruction; schools were established, during their government, at Corfu,* Zante, and Cephalonia, and at

The latter years of the life of the late Lord Guildford, one of the most generous and enlightened friends of the Greeks, were almost exclusively devoted to the furtherance of their education, particularly at Athens, and throughout the Ionian Islands where he had established his residence. It was through his indefatigable exertions that a college was founded at Corfu, under the protection of the British Government, which has long proved, and still continues one of the most valuable blessings yet conferred on Greece. The design and constitution of the establishment were the work of Lord Guildford; and after innumerable disappointments and delays

Ithaca, in particular, there existed one which was so numerously attended as to induce the

the institution was at last opened on the first of November, 1823, his Lordship being appointed by the Ionian Senate to the office of its Chancellor. The course of education comprises Law, Theology, Humanity, Science, Music, and the Fine Arts; and at its commencement the various chairs were filled by Greek professors, with the exception of two (those of Belles Lettres and Law), whose occupants were natives of Great Britain. The following particulars are extracted from an interesting paper in the New Monthly Magazine for July

1827.

"Lord Guildford is the Archon, or Chancellor; the other dignitaries of the University consist of the spopos (rector), xooμopuλa (proctor), prap (civil orator), besides fourteen professors (popoσopo). These have their several attendants, such as the γλαυκοφορος owl bearer), αρχιραβδουκος (chief beadle), and five paßiouxos (beadles in ordinary). In addition to these are the officers of the library, the apxygauματους (chief secretary), γραμματεύς (secretary), βιβλιοθηκα ριος (librarian), καρτοφύλαξ (keeper of the papers), and φυλαξ (porter). The student of the University (maverionov) is termed xoxoyos, or philologian, whilst an undergraduate ; επισημων, when he becomes bachelor of arts; τελειος, when master. Besides the University, there is also a kind of preparatory academy, called enßelov, (pronounced epheveion.) The scholars belonging to this are enßos (ephebes); and five amongst them, most distinguished for their attainments, are called ευελπιστος.

"Each professor of the University gives a daily lecture, and receives from the Ionian government sixty dollars, or about thirteen pounds a month for his services. He is also encouraged to farther exertions, by the payment of a dollar and a