LONDON:

PRINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEY,

Dorset-street, Fleet-street.

TIBKVKA

CONTENTS

OF

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER XII.

THE PHANARIOTS AND HOSPODARS OF WALLACHIA AND

MOLDAVIA.

ORIGIN of the Phanariots

Early practice of the Porte in its intercourse with foreign

States

PANAYOTAKI, the first Greek Drogueman of the Divan

His birth and history; singular circumstances of his

advancement.

His good fortune, and death

ALEXANDER MAVROCORDATO, his successor

New field of ambition opened to the Greeks by the
creation of the office of Drogueman to the Divan

Its privileges, revenue, and duties

Page

1

79

General influence acquired by the Greeks after the ele-

vation of Panayotaki .

13

HOSPODARIATS OF WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA

15

33

History of these provinces; the ancient Daria, con-

quered by Trajan

16

Ceded to the Goths by Aurelian

ib.

Occupied by the Huns, the Gepidæ, and Lombards

17

Seized by the Avars, who are in turn expelled by the

Sclavi and Bulgarians

ib.

Overrun by the Tartars, and recovered by Rhaddo Negro

and Bogdan

18

2

3

4

5

6

Conquered by the Turks under Bajazet

Their subsequent rebellions, and final assignment to Tur-

key under Mahomet III. .

Constitution and political condition of the provinces

Treachery of the Moldavian Hospodar in 1711; and the

subsequent fate of Cantemir the historian, and Bes-

saraba

Later history of the Hospodariots,-note

Education and general characteristics of the Phanariots

Forms observed at the installation of a Hospodar

His progress to his Government, and ceremony of his

inauguration.

Mode of life and general characteristics of the Hos-

podars

The Boyars, or native nobility of the two provinces

Policy and general administration of the Hospodars

Their revenue and tyranny.

36

39

Politic system of the Romans in extending the know-
ledge of their language throughout their conquests.

Their attempts resisted by the Greeks, and Greek culti-

vated at Rome

Its extent under the Roman Emperors, and the first

symptoms of its corruption

61

62

63

Changes which it underwent on the transfer of the seat
of government to Constantinople

Vain attempt of the first Byzantine Emperors to intro-

duce Latin as the language of the Court

Page

64

65

66

Influence of the northern barbarians on the language of

Greece

The classical language still preserved in its purity by a

few, notwithstanding this general corruption of the

vulgar dialect

This preservation chiefly owing to the Church

State of the language in the eleventh century, and effect

of the Crusades

Its revolutions from that period to the Ottoman con-

quest

Account of its later cultivation at Constantinople,-note

State of the language at the present day

Its various dialects, and their several origins

Peculiarities on which the modern language differs from

the ancient, in construction and pronunciation,-note

Account of the first Greek works printed in Europe,

Introduction of the study of the Greek language into

England in the reign of Henry VII.—note

Controversies relative to the pronunciation of the

Greek vowels,-note

Disputes of Sir John Smyth and Sir John Cheke with

Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, relative to the re-

77

78

formed pronunciation,-note

79

Singular edict of Gardiner,-- note

it.

Account of the early Greek-grahars

80

State of Greek literature during THE AUGUSTAN AGE

75

Strabo, Pausanias, Ptolemy, &c.

Epictetus, Arrian, Plotinus, Celsus, Porphyry, Jam-

blicus, Panatius

91

ib.

Justin Martyr, Tatian, Clemens Alexandrinus,

Origen, &c. &c.

General situation of the Roman Empire at this period

as regarded the cultivation of letters

State of literature on the removal of Constantine to

Byzantium

FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES.

Ulpian, Themistius, Libanius

Synesius, Himerius, Proæresius, Ammianus Mar-

96

97

ib.

98

99

101

102

ib.

103

105

Tribonian and his assistants

Procopius, his works and character

Priscian, &c.

Progress of Theological discussion

106

Symocatta the historian

107

The conquest of the Arabs, and destruction of the schools

of Edesa, Antioch, Berytus, and Alexandria.

108

The Alexandrian library,-note

ib.

Effects of the conquests of the Saracens and Arabs

Invention of paper

Gloamy state of Grecian literature during this century. 111

Destruotion of be: library of Constantinople by Leo

George Syncellis and John of Damascus

Story and sufferings of the latter

The library of Photius, and his other literary labours

Theophanes the Isaurian, John of Antioch, Nicephorus

118

119