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CHAPTER XII.
THE PHANARIOTS AND HOSPODARS OF WALLACHIA AND
MOLDAVIA.
ORIGIN of the Phanariots
Early practice of the Porte in its intercourse with foreign
States
PANAYOTAKI, the first Greek Drogueman of the Divan
His birth and history; singular circumstances of his
advancement.
His good fortune, and death
ALEXANDER MAVROCORDATO, his successor
New field of ambition opened to, the Greeks by the
creation of the office of Drogueman to the Divan
Its privileges, revenue, and duties
General influence acquired by the Greeks after the ele-
vation of Panayotaki .
HOSPODARIATS OF WALLACRIA AND MOLDAVIA History of these provinces; the ancient Daria; con- quered by Trajan
Ceded to the Goths by Aurelian
Occupied by the Huns, the Gepida, and Lombards
Seized by the Avars, who are in turn expelled by the
Sclavi and Bulgarians
Overrun by the Tartars, and recovered by Rhaddo Negro
and Bogdan
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2
3
5
7
13
15
16
ib.
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18
Conquered by the Turks under Bajazet
Their subsequent rebellions, and final assignment to Tur-
key under Mahomet III. .
Constitution and political condition of the provinces
Treachery of the Moldavian Hospodar in 1711; and the
subsequent fate of Cantemir the historian, and Bes-
saraba
Later history of the Hospodariots,-note
Education and general characteristics of the Phanariots
Forms observed at the installation of a Hospodar
His progress to his Government, and ceremony of his
inauguration.
Mode of life and general characteristics of the Hos-
podars
The Boyars, or native nobility of the two provinces
Policy and general administration of the Hospodars
Their revenue and tyranny.
Conduct of individual Hospodars
General state of the Roumuns, or peasantry
Form of the deposition and return of a Hospodar
His subsequent life and occupations
CHAPTER XIII.
Parallel between the condition of the Greeks under
the Emperors of Rome and the Sultans
General power and importance of the Phanariots
Their secret influence in the government of Turkey
Their connexion with the Greek prelacy
Want of patriotism in the Phanariots
Their pride, manners, and education
The overthrow and present condition.
OLIGUS
THE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF MODERN GREECE.
Politic system of the Romans in extending the know-
ledge of their language throughout their conquests
Their attempts resisted by the Greeks, and Greek culti-
vated at Rome
Its extent under the Roman Emperors, and the first
symptoms of its corruption
61
62
63
Changes which it underwent on the transfer of the seat of government to Constantinople
Vain attempt of the first Byzantine Emperors to intro- duce Latin as the language of the Court
Influence of the northern barbarians on the language of
Greece
The classical language still preserved in its purity by a
few, notwithstanding this general corruption of the
vulgar dialect
This preservation chiefly owing to the Church
State of the language in the eleventh century, and effect
of the Crusades
Its revolutions from that period to the Ottoman con-
quest
Account of its later cultivation at Constantinople,-note
State of the language at the present day
Its various dialects, and their several origins
Peculiarities on which the modern language differs from
the ancient, in construction and pronunciation,—note
Account of the first Greek works printed in Europe,
-note
Introduction of the study of the Greek language into
England in the reign of Henry VII.—note
Controversies relative to the pronunciation of the
Greek vowels,-note
Singular edict of Gardiner,-- note
Account of the early Greek grannars
State of Greek literature during THE AUGUSTAN AGE
Imitation of the Greeks by the Lating
Decline of native literature in Greece at this period
Polybius, Diodorus, Dioa **
Plutarch, Arrian, Appian
Disputes of Sir John Smyth and Sir John Cheke with
Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, relative to the re-
formed pronunciation,—note
Dion Cassius, Herodian, &c. &c.
Lucian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Hermogenes, Longinus, &c.
Strabo, Pausanias, Ptolemy, &c.
Epictetus, Arrian, Plotinus, Celsus, Porphyry, Jam-
blicus, Panatius
Justin Martyr, Tatian, Clemens Alexandrinus,
Origen, &c. &c.
General situation of the Roman Empire at this period
as regarded the cultivation of letters
State of literature on the removal of Constantine to
Byzantium
FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES.
Ulpian, Themistius, Libanius
Synesius, Himerius, Proæresius, Ammianus Mar-
cellinus, &c.
The conquest of the Arabs, and destruction of the schools
of Edesa, Antioch, Berytus, and Alexandria.
The Alexandrian library,-note
Effects of the conquests of the Saracens and Arabs
Invention of paper
EIGHTH CENTURY.
NINTH CENTURY
Incipient revival of letters in Greece
Leo, of Constantinople; his history
Bardas patronizes literature
John Lecanomante, Photius .
The library of Photius, and his other literary labours
Theophanes the Isaurian, John of Antioch, Nicephorus
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
101
102
103
105
106
107
Gloamy state of Grecian literature during this century. 111
Destruotion of be: library of Constantinople by Leo
George Syncelhus and John of Damascus
112
Story, and sufferings of the latter
113
108
109
110
114
115
116
118
119