C.Terentius non vulnus super vulnus1, sed multiplex clades, cum duobus consulibus duo' consulares exercitus amissi nuntiabantur, nec ulla jam castra Romana nec ducem nec militem esse, Hannibalis Apuliam Samnium ac jam prope totam Italiam factam. nulla profecto alia gens tanta mole cladis non obruta esset. compares cladem ad Ægates insulas xxi, 1; 10. Carthaginiensium prælio navali acceptam, qua fracti Sicilia ac Sardinia cessere, hinc vectigales ac stipendiarios fieri se passi sunt? aut pugnam adversam in Africa, cui postea hic ipse Hannibal succubuit? nulla ex parte comparandæ sunt, nisi quod minore animo latæ sunt.

The senate
is consulted.

P. Furius Philus et M'. Pomponius prætores senatum 55 in curiam Hostiliam vocaverunt, ut de urbis custodia conrespecting the guarding sulerent: neque enim dubitabant1 deletis exercitibus hostem 35. i, 30; ad oppugnandam Romam, quod unum opus belli restaret, C. i, 371; venturum. cum in malis, sicut ingentibus ita ignotis, ne

of the city.

401. consilium quidem satis expedirent, obstreperetque clamor

lamentantium mulierum, et nondum palam facto vivi mortuique per omnes pene domos promiscue comploraOpinion of rentur, tum Q. Fabius Maximus censuit equites expeditos

Fabius.

v, 39.

et Appia et Latina via mittendos, qui obvios percunc'tando (aliquos profecto ex fuga passim dissipatos fore') referant quæ fortuna consulum atque exercituum 'sit; et si quid dii immortales, miseriti imperii, reliquum Romano nomini fecerint, ubi eæ copiæ sint; quo se

b nunc c. G. i et c. G. j B. HV. pr. C. ed. D.-cum F. 1, 2 L. H. all Mss of C.om. cet. Mss. ed. G. C. * F. RG. pr. C.-comparesset P.-comparem cet. Mss. ed. G. C. D. -compares et conj. G. D. a opt. Mss. viz. who were living and who were dead.' C. The participle is frequently put absolutely, without any noun or pronoun expressed: audito Darium movisse, Curt. v, 13, 1. RS. cf. G, and D, on i, 41, 6'; and xxviii, 21, 5.—facti al.qui conj. ad. PZ. bobvios opt. Mss. cf. 7. R.-obviam euntes 3 P. al. cunctando F. 3 P. SCH. D.J.-percunctentur conj. PZ. GR. pr. C. D. ST.-profectos Mss. ed. G. C. D.-provectos conj. B. B. HV. S. pr. DJ.-forte cet. Mss. ed. G. C. D. xxii, 7; GR. xxxiii, 45; vii, 32; ix, 16. D.—reperiant conj. PZ.

4 Cf. ha clades, super aliam alia &c; xxv, 22. This was not merely an additional blow, of a like nature with that received at Trasimenus, but a calamity many times worse.' P.

5 At Zama.' R. cf. xxx, 29-35.

1 The more usual construction of dubito is with a subjunctive and quin, when a negative precedes, but otherwise with an or utrum. Ne

d si quos conj. PZ.

c per

cem.

f 1 P.-si forte Might report, or bring back word.'

pos, however, constantly uses an infinitive; LM. pr. to Nep. TS, Part. 56. Curtius and Tacitus have done the same; GB. and Livy here; and xxviii, 24; xxxvi, 41; and Cicero At. vii, 1. In like manner hand dubium erat potuisse, xxxviii, 6. D. If dubito is put interrogatively, quin follows.

2 vi, 29; viii, 10; xxviii, 23; xxx, 7; &c. DU.

56

⚫ Hannibal post prælium contulerit; quid paret, quid agat C.Terentius ' acturusque sit. hæc exploranda noscendaque per impigros 'juvenes esse. illud per patres ipsos agendum, quoniam 'magistratuum parum sit, ut tumultum ac trepidationem in urbe tollant, matronas publico arceant continerique 'intra suum quamque limen cogant; comploratus familiarum coerceant; silentium per urbem faciant; nuntios ' rerum omnium ad prætores deducendos curent; suæ 'quisque fortunæ domi auctorem exspectent"; custodesque præterea ad portas ponant, qui prohibeant quemquam ' egredi urbem, cogantque homines nullam nisi urbe ac 'monibus salvis salutem sperare. ubi conticuerit tumultus, ' recte tum in curiam patres revocandos consulendumque 'de urbis custodia esse.'

a

2

Cum in hanc sententiam pedibus omnes issent1, summotaque foro per magistratus" turba patres diversi ad sedandos tumultus discessissent, tum demum litteræ a Terentio consule allatæ sunt, L. Æmilium consulem exer'citumque cæsum3; sese Canusii esse, reliquias tantæ 'cladis velut ex naufragio colligentem. ad decem millia 'militum ferme esse incompositorum inordinatorumque. • Pœnum sedere ad Cannas, in captivorum pretiis prædaque alia nec victoris animo nec magni ducis more nundi'nantem'.' tum privatæ quoque per domos clades vulgatæ

6

h

a om.

exspectet al. C. pr. pl. and opt. Mss. pr. G. D. b magistratibas 1 P. pr. (or magistratus in the nom.) G. eet ad. G.-turba, magistratus et 3 L. pr. D. d quatuordecim conj. (there were 10,000 at Canusium, before Varro came thither with 4,000 more) G. cf. 54. But 10,000 men, not soldiers, are there mentioned; and the words of Manlius (haberetis hodie xx millia armatorum Canusii, 60) make against the conjecture, as Varro had 10,000, and 12,200 surrendered in the two camps. MA. cem. G.-menum P.-me nunc F. al. se nunc 1, 2 P. V. GA. al.-se nec 1 L.-se 4 L.-nunc hostem 3 L.-Hannibal nunc 3 P.-sed Hannibalem nunc B. HV.-Hannibalem vero nunc HF.-Hannibalem 2 L.-om. H. f em. G. alluding probably to the line of Ennius, non cauponantes bellum, sed belligerantes, Cic. Off. i, 12; "DŒ. naznλsóu páxnv, Æsch. S. Th. 545; with which compare Judges v, 19. ED.-nuntiantem pl. and opt. Mss.-morantem 3 P.-metientem al. Mss.

3 ii, 23; v, 55; ix. 7; opposed to privato, ii. 24; 54; xxxii, 16; xxxix, 18. R. cf. indo, ovaa, un ẞráßny ribu. Æsch. Th. 185 ; σὸν δ ̓ αὖ τὸ σιγᾶν καὶ μένειν εἴσω δόμων, 218; and other parts of the same scene.

4 Authentic intelligence.' RS.

1 It was their practice to take the opinions of the senators, by dividing the house and going over to this or that side according to the vote they wished to give. C. From this custom many phrases are derived; i, 32;

v, 9; xxvii, 34; Gell. iii, 18; (G.) Cic. Ver. iv, 65; contra ire, Tac. A. xiv, 45; in alteram causam præceps ire, ii, 27. Those who never gave their opinion by word of mouth were called pedarii senatores. R.

2 In different directions;' iii, 60; ix, 37; x, 27; (D.) xxv, 19; diversos, alium alibi, ix, 2; xxxi, 46; cf. xxvi, 20; xxviii, 46; xlii, 7; x, 33. (DU. D.) R.

R.

3 Cf. E, and OU, on Sueton. x, 4.

of Ceres is

C.Terentius sunt; adeoque totam urbem opplevit luctus, ut sacrum anniversarium Cereris intermissum sit, quia nec lugentiThe festival bus id facere est fas, nec ulla in illa tempestate matrona luctus fuerat. itaque ne ob eandem causam alia suspended. expers V. i, 1, 15. quoque sacra publica aut privata desererentur, senatus consulto diebus triginta luctus est finitus 5. ceterum cum sedato urbis tumultu revocati in curiam patres essent, aliæ insuper ex Sicilia litteræ allatæ sunt ab T. Otacilio proprætore, ⚫ regnum Hieronis classe Punica vastari; cui cum opem ' imploranti ferre vellet, nuntiatum sibi esse aliam classem ad gates insulas stare paratam instructamque, ut ubi se versum ad tuendam Syracusanam oram Pœni sensis'sent, Lilybæum extemplo provinciamque aliam Romanam 'aggrederentur. itaque classe opus esse, si regem socium Siciliamque tueri vellent.'

6

Litteris consulis proprætorisque lectis", [censuerunt ;] 57 • M. Claudium, qui classi ad Ostiam stanti præesset, Canusium ad exercitum mittendum; scribendumque consuli ut, cum prætori exercitum tradidisset, primo quoque tem'pore, quantum per commodum rei publicæ fieri posset, Romam veniret.' territi etiam super tantas clades cum accused of ceteris prodigiis, tum quod duæ Vestales eo anno, Opimia incontinen- atque Floronia, stupri compertæ1, et altera sub terra', ut cy. ii, 42. C.i, 361, mos est, ad portam Collinam necata fuerat, altera sibimet

Two vestals

6

b B.

prætorisque P. F. B. GA. 2—5 L.—prætoris quem 1 P. two PE. ME. V. perlectis 3 P. 3, 5 L.-om. 1 P. P. two PE. ME. V. 2, 4 L. GA. F. c B. ed. ST. R. This verb was wanting to complete the sense, GL. or decreverunt C. cf. dózμa The Bourns δεξάμενος εἰς Κανύσιον παρῆλθεν, καὶ τοὺς ἐκεῖ συλλελεγμένους παραλαβὼν ἐξήγαγε τῶν ἐρυμάτων, Plut. Mar. 302. S. aliis insuper ex Sicilia litteris allatis ab vellent: censuerunt prætorem M. Claudium, &c. conj. G. pr. R. HF inserts the verb after mittendum,-censent 5 L.-om. G. C. D. BK.-prætorem itaque visum (or placitum) conj. R. Marcium P.-Appium pl. Mss. Apium 1 PE. F. e præerat conj. GL. f terram al. Mss. cf. viii, 15; defodietur humo, Ov. F. vi, 458; Suet. i, 49; (CS.) L. ix, 20; (G.) láλwoav sis 'Abývas, Xen. H. i; Tòv 'Iwon TidovTo sis Alyuærov, Acts vii, 9; (nn.) DU. Her. v, 77, n. 70; viii, 60, n. 48 and 55; ix, 6, n. 24; St Mark xiii, 9 sq. ED.

4 Minuitur populo luctus &c. cum in casto Cereris est. Græca sacra festa Cereris ex Græcia translata, quæ ob inventionem Proserpinæ matrona colebant. quæ sacra dum non essent matronæ quæ facerent, propter cladem Cannensem et frequentiam lugentium, institutum est, ne amplius centum diebus lugeretur; Fest. quid temperatus fabæ alimonio panis, cui rei dedistis nomen castus?" nonne illius temporis imitatio est, que se numen Cereris a fruge violentia maroris abstinuit? Arnob. v, 167;

U. alba decent Cererem: vestes Cerealibus albas sumite: nunc pulli velleris usus abest; Ov. F. iv, 619 sq; 389 sq; quia Cereris sacrificium, lugentibus omnibus matronis, intermissum erat, senatus finiri luctum xxx diebus jussit; xxxiv, 6; Al. ab Al. vi, 19; RN, A. R. iv, 8; v, 14. D. R.

5 Πένθους δὲ καὶ τόπον καὶ χρόνον ὥρισε, κατ' οἰκίαν ἀποθρηνεῖν κελεύσας ἐφ' ἡμέρας τριά norra Tòv Bouλóμevov, Plut. F. 184. S.

1 Convicted; vii, 4; xxxii, 1. R.

ipsa mortem consciverat. L. Cantilius scriba pontificis, C.Terentius quos nunc minores pontifices appellant, qui cum Floronia stuprum fecerat, a pontifice maximo eo usque virgis in comitio cæsus erat, ut inter verbera exspiraret. hoc nefas cum inter tot, ut fit, clades in prodigium versum esset, decemviri libros adire jussi sunt. et Q. Fabius Pictor AHn. 27. Delphos ad oraculum missus est sciscitatum 'quibus precibus 'suppliciisque deos possent placare, et quænam futura finis 'tantis cladibus foret.' interim ex fatalibus libris sacrificia Sacrifice of human vicaliquot extraordinaria facta; inter quæ Gallus et Galla, tims. Græcus et Græca in foro boario sub terras vivi demissi PM. 299; sunt in locum saxo conseptum, jam ante hostiis humanis, . iv, 13; minime Romano sacro, imbutum.

Placatis satis, ut rebantur, deis M. Claudius Marcellus ab Ostia mille et quingentos milites, quos in classem scriptos habebat, Romam, ut urbi præsidio essent, mittit; ipse legione classis (ea tertia 10 legio erat) cum tribunis

ques appellant susp. gl. R.

O.

Z. viii, 19.

h With supplications;' L. xxvii, 50; Plaut. Ep.

v, 2, 59; Rud. pr. 25; Sall. C. 52, 29; GB. CO, on S. J. 66, 2; and S. C. 9, 2; D. nn, on Tac. A. iii, 64, 3. cf. xxv, 7, j. ED.—supplices S.-supplicationibusque L. ed. H.sacrificiisque (or piaculisque) conj. D. em. G. pr. C.-conseptumuiam P.-c. ubi

pl. Mss. e. ibi al.-
1.-c. vii an. conj. P2.

2 Had ipsi been used, the sense would have been, that she put herself (and not another) to death;' now it is, that she (and not another) was the author of her own death.' The difference between me ipse and me ipsum, and the like, is seen by supplying the words opposed to them; viz. non alius and non alium. ST. cf. xxiii, 9; RS. G, and D, on , 19: D. 60, w.

4

3 Of one of those pontiffs, whom.' C.

4 In the age of Cicero and Livy, besides that college of pontiffs, which, after the Ogulnian law, 452 Y. R. up to the time of Sylla, consisted of eight members, and, after Sylla's time, of fifteen, there was also another college of those who were called minor pontiffs: quum se iba pontificum esset, quos + hodie [?] pontifices minores vocant, Capit. in Op. Macr. 7. The time and occasion of their institution, as well as their number, are unknown. From the words of our author, (and from Macrobius, priscis temporibus antequam fusti a Cn. Flavio seriba invitis patribus in omnium notitiam proderentur, [i. e. before 449 Y. R.] pontifici minori hæc provincia delegabatur, ut nova lunæ primum observaret adspectum, visamque regi sacrificulo nuntiaret; S. i, 15.)

i

it would seem that there was at this time only
one; but that the number was subsequently
augmented, and they were all called minor
pontiffs. When their number was increased
is uncertain. Cicero mentions three, Ar.
Resp. 6; therefore it must have been at some
time between the delivery of that speech and
the occurrence which Livy records. NO, C.
P. i, 5. DU. cf. SR, Lex. E, C. C. R.
5 By command of.' R.

6 Suet. xii, 8. R.

7 This was done because the oracle had promised both the Gauls and the Greeks the possession of the city; and the object of this expiatory sacrifice was to avert the impending destruction upon those people. R. cf. Her. vii, 114; ED. GRO, de Ver. ii, 11. C.

8 Syntax requires sub terra to be taken with in locum, though the arrangement of the words is harsh. D.

9 It was at the beginning of the last Gallic war, 527 Y. R. D.

10 From 53, it would seem that the third legion was engaged at Cannæ : if so, Livy appears to have followed different authorities. D.

k

C.Terentius militum Teanum Sidicinum præmissa, classe tradita P. Furio Philo collega, paucos post dies Canusium magnis itineribus C. ii, 193. contendit ". dictator' ex auctoritate patrum dictus M. Junius 12, et Ti. Sempronius 13 magister equitum, delectu edicto juniores ab' annis septemdecim et quosdam prætextatos 11 scribunt. quattuor ex his legiones et mille equites effecti. item ad socios Latinumque nomen ad milites ex formula 15 accipiendos mittunt. arma, tela 16, alia parari jubent; et vetera hostium spolia detrahunt 17 templis porti8,000 slaves cibusque. et aliam formam novi delectus inopia liberorum capitum ac necessitas dedit: octo millia juvenum validorum ex servitiis, prius sciscitantes singulos vellentne 18 militare,' empta publice armaverunt. hic miles magis placuit, cum pretio minore redimendi " captivos copia fieret.

armed.

a

Namque Hannibal secundum tam prosperam ad Cannas 58 pugnam victoris magis quam bellum gerentis intentus curis, cum captivis productis segregatisque socios", sicut ante ad 7; P.iii, 77. Trebiam Trasimenumque lacum, benigne allocutus sine pretio dimisisset, Romanos quoque vocatos, quod nunquam Hannibal's alias antea, satis miti sermone alloquitur: non interneaddress to 'cinum sibi esse cum Romanis bellum; de dignitate prisoners. atque imperio certare. et patres virtuti Romanæ cessisse;

the Roman

C

k minores ed. HN.

6

j indictator P.-inde dictator conj. C. 1 om. HN. G. H. med. AS.-redimi pl. Mss.-redimendorum captivorum conj. SB. cf. 59. ED. a segregatos conj. G. 63 L.-sociis pl. Mss.-sociis eos al. ed. HN.-internecivum E.var. cet. Mss.

11 He despatched a part of the third legion to Rome; another part he left on board the fleet for Furius; and followed in person the main body, which he sent forward to Teanum, on its route to Canusium. GL.

12 M. Junius Pera had filled the offices of consul and censor. R.

13 The same Gracchus that was killed by Hannibal in Lucania. V. Max. v, 1; S. cf. iii, 19; 24. D. He was curule adile. R.

14 Juv. i, 78, n. ED. prætextæ purpuræ toga, xxxiv, 7; cf. xxix, 38; (DU.) xxxiv, 7; xlii, 34; nn, on Tac. A. xii, 41. R.

15 Of this Livy writes in viii, where he is speaking of the treaty made with the Latins. S. It prescribed the quota of troops to be furnished by each Latin state to the Roman people. A similar instance occurs in speak ing of the colonies; xxvii, 10. C. cf. 36. Formula denotes the rule or method which is

to be acted upon, xxvi, 24; xxix, 15; xl, 12; iv. 8; xxxix, 26. R.

16 By arma is properly meant all that is used for the protection of the person; by tela, all weapons of offence, and not merely those used from a distance, as: cf. i, 43; iii, 50; xxx, 11; xxxvi, 18; xlv, 39; xlii, 52. R.

17 This was never done except in a case of extreme necessity; V. Max. vii, 6, 1. cf. xxiv, 21, 11. R.

18 This question was not put to citizens; but they were obliged to answer to their names when cited. C. Hence the enlisted slaves were called volones, which term is opposed to liberi xxiii, 35; and to justi milites, xxiv, 14: R. volones dicti sunt milites, qui post Cannensem cladem usque ad octo millia, cum essent servi, voluntarie se ad militiam obtulere, Fest. S.