P.C. Scipio "perat; hæc, quanquam sint gravia atque acerba, forT.S.Longus tuna vestra vobis suadet. equidem haud despero, cum "omnium potestas ei facta sit, aliquid ex his rebus "remissurum. sed vel hæc patienda censeo potius quam trucidari1 corpora vestra, rapi trahique ante ora vestra conjuges ac liberos belli jure sinatis."

Fall of Saguntum.

Ad hæc audienda cum circumfusa paullatim multitu- 14 dine permixtum senatui esset populi concilium, repente primores secessione facta, priusquam responsum daretur, argentum aurumque omne ex publico privatoque in forum S.ii,592sqq. collatum in ignem ad id raptim factum conjicientes, eodem plerique semet ipsi præcipitaverunt. cum ex eo pavor ac trepidatio totam urbem pervasisset, alius insuper tumultus ex arce auditur. turris diu quassata prociderat; perque ruinam ejus cohors Pœnorum impetu facto cum signum imperatori dedisset nudatam stationibus custo'diisque solitis hostium esse urbem,' non cunctandum in tali occasione ratus Hannibal, totis viribus aggressus urbem momento cepit, signo dato ut omnes puberes 'interficerentur.' quod imperium crudele1, ceterum prope necessarium cognitum ipso eventu est: cui enim parci potuit ex iis qui aut inclusi cum conjugibus ac liberis domos super se ipsos concremaverunt 5, aut armati nullum ante finem pugnæ quam morientes fecerunt? captum 15 oppidum est cum ingenti præda. quanquam pleraque ab dominis de industria corrupta erant, et in cædibus vix ullum discrimen ætatis ira fecerat, et captivi militum præda fuerant, tamen et ex pretio rerum venditarum aliquantum pecuniæ redactum esse constat, et multam pretiosam1 supellectilem vestemque 2 missam Carthaginem.

с

b

3 When all is left to his discretion.' DE. 4 Cf. xxix, 18. R.

1 For similar instances of desperation, see xxviii, 23; xli, 11; V. Max. vii, 6, 2 sq; Juv. xv, 93 sqq. R.

2 Having signified, notified, or sent word; v, 36. R.

3 For urbe capta, signum dedit or urbem cepit et signum dedit. B. He gave verbal orders,' ii, 20; iv, 39; or gave out,' v, 36. R.

3

Octavo mense quam coeptum oppugnari, captum Sa- P. C. Scipio guntum quidam scripsere; inde Carthaginem novam in T.S.Longus hiberna Hannibalem concessisse; quinto deinde mense 6; P.iii, 17. quam ab Carthagine profectus sit, in Italiam pervenisse. P. iii, 56. quæ si ita sunt, fieri non potuit ut P. Cornelius Ti. Sempronius consules fuerint ad quos et principio oppugnationis legati Saguntini missi sint, et qui in suo magistratu cum Hannibale, alter ad Ticinum amnem, ambo aliquanto 46. post ad Trebiam, pugnaverint. aut omnia breviora3 ali- 51 sqq. quanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni quo P. Cornelius Ti. Sempronius consules fuerunt non cœptum oppugnari est sed captum. nam excessisse 5

pugna ad Trebiam in annum Cn. Servilii et C. Flaminii non potest, quia Flaminius Arimini consulatum iniit, creatus ab 57; 63. Ti. Sempronio consule, qui post pugnam ad Trebiam ad creandos consules Romam cum venisset, comitiis perfectis ad exercitum in hiberna rediit.

caused at

esse, Rome by simul the capture of Sagun

16 Sub idem fere tempus et legati, qui redîerant ab Sensation Carthagine, Romam rettulerunt omnia hostilia et Sagunti excidium nuntiatum est; tantusque mæror patres misericordiaque sociorum peremptorum tum. indigne et pudor non lati auxilii1 et ira in Carthaginienses metusque de summa rerum cepit, velut si jam ad portas hostis esset, ut tot uno tempore motibus animi turbati trepidarent magis quam consulerent *.

3

into office, and Saguntum must have been taken towards the end of the year when Livius and Æmilius were consuls. C.

5 To have fallen out later,' xxx, 26. E. 6 He who held the comitia and received the names of the candidates (cf. ix, 46,) was said to create the magistrate; ii, 33; xxv, 41; xxviii, 10; xxxii, 27; xxxviii, 35; xxxix, 6; xlii, 9. R.

1 This genitive is equivalent to ob with an accusative, as in xxxv, 37; iram prædæ amissæ, i, 5; iv, 58; v, 33; viii, 12; ix, 8; 34; xxi, 2; xxiv, 30; xxvii, 7; xxxvii, 51; cf. ix, 39; xxii, 5; &c. R.

2 The safety of the entire commonwealth,' iii, 5; xxxiii, 45; xxxvi, 34. R. 3 They were wavering and in a state of agitation and doubt;' C. i, 14; iii, 49. R.

4 Acting advisedly and with calm deliberation.' cf. Ter. Heaut. v, 2, 9 sq; Sall. to Cæs. de Rp. ord. i, 1; Cato Or. v, in

xli, 1. xx, ep.

5

P. C. Scipio nam neque hostem acriorem bellicosioremque secum T.S.Longus congressum, nec rem Romanam tam desidem unquam fuisse atque imbellem. Sardos Corsosque et Istros atque Illyrios lacessisse magis quam exercuisse Romana arma, et cum Gallis tumultuatum verius quam belligera8 9 a tum. Pœnum hostem veteranum, trium et viginti annorum 10 militia durissima, inter Hispanas gentes semper victorem, duci acerrimo assuetum, recentem 11 ab excidio opulentissimæ urbis, Iberum transire; trahere secum tot excitos Hispanorum populos, conciturum avidas semper armorum Gallicas gentes. cum orbe terrarum bellum gerendum in Italia ac pro moenibus Romanis esse.

Preparations of the

war.

a

Nominatæ jam antea consulibus provinciæ erant1; tum 17 Romans for Sortiri jussis Cornelio Hispania, Sempronio Africa cum Sicilia evenit. sex in eum annum decretæ legiones, et sociûm quantum ipsis videretur, et classis quanta parari posset. quattuor et viginti peditum Romanorum millia sunt scripta, et mille octingenti equites; sociorum quadraginta millia peditum, quattuor millia et quadringenti equites; naves ducenta viginti quinqueremes 3,

a F. C. V. cf. v, 25; xl, 27; xli, 18; G. ii, 26; xxii, 19. D.-magis cet. Mss. b assuetum would seem to require vincere and duce; cf. iv, 31; x, 6; xxiii, 40; xxvii, 39. G. x, 41.-primum Hamilcare, deinde Hasdrubale, nunc Hannibale ad. G. C. D. adv. opt. Mss. duce al. Mss. assuetus and assuefactus appear to govern either a dative or an ablative; xxiv, 48; xxxi, 35; xlviii, 31; 35. R. cf. Cæs. B. C. i, 44; G. Cic. Or. iii, 10; Cat. ii, 5; Pliny H. N. x, 43; Front. iv, 2, 4; DU. V. Max. viii, 7, 15; Sall. J. 11. (CO.) D. E, Cl. Cic. a G.-jussi Mss. b This contracted form is common in Livy; xxii, 27; 40; xxvi, 15; cf. xxiii, 24; xxvii, 41; xxxii, 33. Thus liberum, xxii, 22; i, 9; 13; 39; 42; iii, 50; viii, 7; 28; xlv, 41. D. G. e F. G.-mille et A.-et (only) cet. Mss.Throughout this chapter the numbers were very corrupt : G has corrected them.

Gell. vii, 3. G. They were rather bewildered than thinking of what was to be done,' ED. xxiii, 20; 29; xxv, 38. ST. R. 5 Understand secum reputabant, or rati sunt, as in ii, 32; 45; xxi, 53; 57; xxii, 8; 28. R.

6 In the interval between the 1st and 2d Punic wars, the Romans had carried on hostilities with these nations, and had celebrated some triumphs in consequence of their successes. S.

7 Had given more provocation than practice.' C.

8 The Cisalpine Gauls.' R.

9 Tumultus was used rather than bellum, in speaking of the hostile inroads from Gaul, on account of their desultory nature; they consisted of sudden forays, executed with

rapidity, and spreading wide havoc and still wider terror; but, conducted with blind impetuosity, they wanted the persevering energy of a regular campaign: 28; ED. v, 44; xxvii, 2; xxix, 36; xxxii, 30; xxxvii, 17. R.

10 This includes the whole interval between the 1st and 2d Punic wars. G. 11 Just come from the overthrow of Saguntum: cf. Cic. Att. xvi, 7. R.

1 The senate had settled what the provinces should be; but the consuls had not yet decided by lot which of the two they were to take.' R.

2 Dividing these numbers by the number of legions, it gives 4000 infantry and 300 cavalry to each legion at this time, as stated below: but cf. viii, 8. R.

3 The precise construction of these galleys

celoces viginti deductæ. latum inde ad populum, 'vel- P. C. Scipio 'lent juberent populo Carthaginiensi bellum indici.' T.S.Longus ejusque belli causa supplicatio7 per urbem habita, atque adorati dii, ut bene ac feliciter eveniret quod bellum 'populus Romanus jussisset.' inter consules ita copiæ divisæ. Sempronio datæ legiones duæ (ea quaterna millia erant peditum et treceni equites) et sociorum sexdecim millia peditum, equites mille octingenti; naves longæ centum sexaginta, celoces duodecim. cum his terrestribus maritimisque copiis Ti. Sempronius missus in Siciliam, ita in Africam transmissurus 9, si 10 ad arcendum Italia Pœnum consul alter satis esset. Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius prætor 11 et ipse cum P. iii, 40. haud invalido præsidio in Galliam 12 mittebatur. navium maxime Cornelio numerus deminutus. sexaginta quinqueremes data (neque enim mari venturum aut ea parte belli 13 dimicaturum hostem credebant) et duæ Romanæ legiones cum suo justo 14 equitatu et quattuordecim millibus sociorum peditum, equitibus mille sexcentis. duas legiones Romanas et decem millia sociorum peditum,

d C. D.-trecenti Mss.

is matter of much uncertainty. Those who are experienced in naval affairs deny the possibility of working five banks of oars rising in tiers one above the other, which would seem to have been the arrangement as far as we can learn from ancient authorities. See Antiquitas Schematibus illustrata t. viii, ii, 8 sqq. C.

4 Light vessels without beaks, C. so called from their celerity. Pat. ii, 73. (RK.) E. SF, de M. N. ii, 2. D.

5 L. viii, 26 ; (καθέλκειν, καθελκύειν, καταrra,) opposed to subducere, xxiii, 28; 34; xxxi, 22 ; (ἀνέλκειν, ἀνασπᾶν, κατάγειν, ἐρύειν is rugov,) referring to the well-known practice of drawing ships on shore, when they were not immediately wanted. R.

6 Cf. BR, de Form. ii, 1. D.

7 Synonymous with obsecratio, xlii, 20; xxxi, 9; both being made at the commencement of a war to propitiate the gods. E. cf. 62, note 15.

8 These were ships of war, and mostly quinqueremes and triremes: they are opposed to naves oneraria. ST. pangà hoa, Pol. xv, 18, opposed to axades, which served as traders and victualling vessels, SF, de M. N.

ii, 2, p. 64 sq; 96; R. or to argoyyúžas. The former were worked by oars, the others used sails. C. Her. i, 2, n. 69; vii, 1, n. 2; L. xxiv, 22; 40.

9 Understand eas, i. e. copias. R. 10 Ita-si provided that,' in case it should be found that,' RS. ' then, and not till then,' 'in that case, and not otherwise,' i, 8; xxi, 13; 19; xxiv, 38; xxvi, 24; xxix, 3; xxx, 37; xxxvi, 4. R.

11 L. Manlius Vulso, C. Terentius Varro, M. Æmilius Lepidus, and C. Atilius Serranus were prætors this year. Manlius had Gaul, and Emilius Sicily: S. Atilius had at first the foreign jurisdiction, but afterwards Liguria, the foreign department being then transferred to Terentius, in addition to the city jurisdiction which he previously held,

C.

12 Cisalpinam, C. cf. 16, 8. 13 That sort of war' (i. e. a maritime war,' K.) 22; xxiii, 26; pars is often followed by copiarum, 41; 53; xxii, 19; or virium, xxi, 54; xxii, 15; 44; xxxvii, 18; Just. vi, 2; Tac. Ag. 25. G. D.

14 That is 600 horse, R. note 2.

P.C. Scipio mille equites socios, sexcentos Romanos Gallia provincia T.S.Longus nondum versa 15 in Punicum bellum habuit.

to Car

thage.

Embassy His ita comparatis, ut omnia justa ante bellum fierent, 18 despatched legatos majores natu, Q. Fabium, M. Livium1, L. Æmilium, C. Licinium, Q. Bæbium, in Africam mittunt ad percunctandos Carthaginienses' publicone consilio Hanni'bal Saguntum oppugnâsset;' et si, id quod facturi videbantur, faterentur ac defenderent publico consilio factum, ut indicerent populo Carthaginiensi bellum. Romani postquam Carthaginem venerunt, cum senatus datus esset et Q. Fabius nihil ultra quam unum quod mandatum erat percunctatus esset, tum ex Carthaginiensibus unus " præ

xix, ep.

66

66

ceps 2 vestra, Romani, et prior legatio fuit, cum Han"nibalem tanquam suo consilio Saguntum oppugnantem "deposcebatis: ceterum hæc legatio verbis adhuc lenior "est, re asperior. tunc enim Hannibal et insimulabatur "et deposcebatur: nunc ab nobis et confessio culpæ "exprimitur, et ut a confessis res extemplo repetuntur. ego autem non privato publicone consilio Saguntum oppugnatum sit quærendum censeam, sed utrum jure an injuria. nostra enim hæc quæstio atque animad"versio in civem nostrum est, nostro an suo fecerit "arbitrio: vobiscum una disceptatio est, licueritne per "fœdus fieri. itaque quoniam discerni placet quid público consilio, quid sua sponte imperatores faciant, nobis "vobiscum fœdus est a C. Lutatio consule ictum, in quo cum caveretur utrorumque sociis, nihil de Saguntinis (necdum enim erant socii vestri) cautum est. at enim "eo fœdere quod cum Hasdrubale ictum est Saguntini "excipiuntur. adversus quod nihil ego dicturus sum

G. CL.-eodem Mss.-anno ad. C. D. princeps" vana, Romani," inquit, "et AS. G. -cavetur G. C.

15 Before both the consuls brought their forces thither to oppose Hannibal: before that became the seat of the war. G.

1 Not Salinator, xxix, 37; cf. xxvii, 34. S. 2 Precipitate, hasty, inconsiderate,' G. ix, 24; xl, 10 twice. D. They had then demanded the surrender of Hannibal; and now they made the question of peace or war to turn upon the simple fact of Hannibal's

a

facerent F. b F. V. G. two P. C. unus c quid nostro aut F. C. d F. B. HF.

being publicly authorized to act as he had done, without allowing of any justification or exculpatory statement on the part of Carthage. DE.

3 As far as yet appears,' unless something more harsh is to follow.' B.

4 Exceptio facit, ne liceat; ubi non est exceptum, ibi necesse est licere; Cic. for Balb. 14. RS.