P.C. Scipio versat1 animos castigando adhortandoque. mirari se T.S.Longus quinam pectora semper impavida repens terror invaHannibal serit. per tot annos vincentes eos stipendia facere, encourages neque ante Hispania excessisse quam omnes gentesque his soldiery. et terræ eæ, quas duo 2 diversa maria amplectantur, Carthaginiensium essent. indignatos deinde quod qui44 cunque Saguntum obsedissent, velut ob noxam sibi ' dedi postularet populus Romanus, Iberum trajecisse ad 'delendum nomen Romanorum liberandumque orbem 'terrarum. tum nemini visum id longum, cum ab occasu solis ad exortus intenderent iter. nunc postquam multo majorem partem itineris emensam cernant, Pyrenæum 'saltum inter ferocissimas gentes superatum, Rhodanum, tantum amnem, tot millibus Gallorum prohibentibus, domita etiam ipsius fluminis vi trajectum, in conspectu Alpes habeant, quarum alterum latus Italiæ sit, in ipsis portis hostium fatigatos subsistere, quid Alpes aliud esse credentes quam montium altitudines? fingerent 'altiores Pyrenæi jugis. nullas profecto terras cælum contingere nec inexsuperabiles humano generi esse. Alpes quidem habitari, coli, gignere atque alere ani29. mantes. pervias paucis esse 5, exercitibus invias? eos ipsos quos cernant, legatos non pennis sublime elatos

f

a em. V. var. Mss. viz. terras eas. . . esse pl. Mss.-terræ C. N. 1, 2 L.-ee (and then ad. quæ et trans [for terrás] eas) 1 L.-omnes for ea 2 L.-amplectuntur three P. B. (and pref. incolunt) 3 L.-essent H. C. N. 1, 2, 4 L-fecissent 5 L. conj. G. b obsedisset BE. N.-oppugnassent HV.-oppugnasset HF. but, although the Romans demanded the surrender of Hannibal only, it was politic in him to represent the matter otherwise. C. c pl. and opt. Mss.-Pyrenæis some few; but cf. 24; 60. D. d insuperabiles B. but the other word appears a favourite with Livy; v, 34; viii, 7; xxxvi, 17; xxxviii, 20; xxxix, 54; xlii, 54; xliii, 18; xliv, 35; 46. D. non exsuperabile saxum, Virg. G. iii, 39. invias 3 P marg. GB. ed. Mil. GR. invium aut inexsuperabile occurs below. f pinnis 1 P. F. cf. Quint. I. O. i, 4; (BU.) GI, coll. ad Lucr. (pinna;) DQ, Orth. pt, 2d (penna); VL, on Gr. C. 83; D. Juv. iii, 118, note. g in sublime elatos 2 L.-sublimes elatos H.

pr. E.-sublime elatis 3 L.-sublime latos conj. SR, obs. p. 198. R. The text is confirmed by jamque elati sublime videntur aera per vacuum ferri atque assurgere in auras, Virg. G. iii, 108 sq.

.

T.S.Longus

P. ii.

Alpes transgressos. ne majores quidem eorum" indi- P.C. Scipio genas, sed advenas Italiæ cultores has ipsas Alpes ingentibus sæpe agminibus cum liberis ac conjugibus, v, 34 sq; migrantium modo, tuto transmisisse'. militi quidem 'armato, nihil secum præter instrumenta belli portanti, quid invium aut inexsuperabile esse? Saguntum ut 'caperetur, quid per octo menses periculi, quid laboris 15; P. iii, 'exhaustum esse 6? Romam, orbis terrarum caput 7, pe'tentibus quicquam adeo asperum atque arduum videri, quod inceptum moretur? cepisse quondam Gallos ea 8 ' quæ adiri posse Pœnus desperet. proinde aut cederent 'animo atque virtute genti per eos dies toties ab se victæ, 23-28. ' aut itineris finem sperent campum interjacentem Tiberi ac moenibus Romanis.'

19.

makes for

31 His adhortationibus incitatos corpora curare atque ad Hannibal iter se parare' jubet. postero die profectus adversa ripa the interior Rhodani mediterranea Galliæ petit, non quia rectior ad of Gaul. Alpes via esset, sed quantum a mari recessisset, minus P. iii, 49 sq. obvium fore Romanum credens', cum quo, priusquam in Italiam ventum foret, non erat in animo manus conserere. quartis castris ad Insulam pervenit. ibi Isara f Rhodanusque amnes diversis ex Alpibus decurrentes, agri aliquantum amplexi confluunt in unum: inde mediis

i transisse 3 P. 3 L. H.

a Rather Isara cf. SW, on

hipsorum Mss. D. Pol. and below. R. WM and CR suggest that the words ad lavam in Tricastinos flectit et might be inserted here and the passage sed ad .flectit, below, cancelled as being misplaced; p. 132. LG, p. 94. b tanto ad. 4, 5 L. e F.-obviam cet. Mss. d manum GA. D. * conferre N. f Bisarar C.-ibi Isara em. CV, I. A. i, 33, 367.-ibi Ara 3 L.-ibique Arar B. 2, 5 L. HF. H. R. D. N.-ibi Arar GA.-The name of this river was also corrupted in Polybius Σκάρας, or Σκώρας, of which CS made ὁ Αραρος, but SW restored 'logas. See Mandajors Mem. Ac. bel. let. Par. t. ii, p. 93 sqq; t. ii, p. 142; t. v, p. 198 sqq. SW, on Pol. iii, 49. MA, obs. CR, p. 52 sq; 129 sq. Hist. Ac. Reg. Insc. t. iii, p. 295. D. gem. GR.-in pl. Mss.-om. al. Mss.

6 Laborum periculorumque circa mania Syracusana terra marique tam diu exhaustorum nequaquam tantum fructum esse; xxv, 31; xxvi, 31; quantum rursus exhauriendum laboris erat; xliv, 39. D.

7 The compliment is extravagant and, in the mouth of an enemy, misplaced. Within Italy, Gaul and Liguria were still independent; without, the Romans had no where established their empire firmly, save in Sardinia and part of Sicily. Livy must have been thinking of Rome in his own day. RB. See, on the other hand, BA,

Adv. xiv, 10. D. The orator artfully exaggerates the grandeur of Rome as a stimulus to his auditors; and, immediately afterwards, represents the facility of its capture lest they should despair of victory. R.

8 So qui hæc delere conati sunt, Cic. Cat. iv, 4; ST. meaning Rome. S.

9 Viz. the Campus Martius. DJ.

1 'Because he believed,' ST. thus loæiudiy rorTÚY Xen. An. ii, 3, 8.

2. From different parts of the same Alpine chain.' GR.

3

5

P.C. Scipio campis Insulæ nomen inditum. incolunt prope AlloT.S.Longus broges, gens jam inde nulla Gallica gente opibus aut fama inferior. tum discors erat. regni certamine ambigebant 7 fratres. major, et qui prius imperitârat, Brancus nomine, minore ab fratre et coetu juniorum, qui jure minus, vi plus poterant', pellebatur. hujus seditionis peropportuna disceptatio cum ad Hannibalem rejecta 3 esset, arbiter regni factus, quod ea senatus principumque sententia fuerat3, imperium majori restituit. ob id meritum commeatu copiaque rerum omnium, maxime vestis, est adjutus, quam infames frigoribus Alpes præparari cogebant. sedatis certaminibus Allobrogum cum jam Alpes Am. xv, 28; peteret, non recta regione 9 iter instituit, sed ad lævam1 S. iii, 466 in Tricastinos 10 flexit; inde per extremam oram VoconStr. iv, pp. tiorum agri tendit " in Tricorios, haud usquam impedita 185; 203. via priusquam ad Druentiam flumen pervenit. is et ipse12 Druentia. Alpinus amnis longe omnium Galliæ fluminum difficilli

The river

hadcolunt al. Mss; but incolere is often put absolutely (as well as colere 26, 7.) v, 33 ; xxii, 20; xxvi, 51; xxviii, 24; xxxv, 13; xxxviii, 16 twice; 37; xl, 41; D. i, 1; Cæs. B. G. i, 1; Suet. i, 25. GR. 15 L. conj. G.-poterat cet. Mss; which refers to fratre. ST. There are other instances of qui referring to the former of two substantives: iv, 5 8. R. JF. G.-quod erat ea... futurum C.-futurum V. 1, 2, 4 L. ME. H. HV.-futura 5 L.fuerit B. N. k G.-vestimentis many Mss; but cf. xxxi, 17; xliv, 26; Cic. Ver. i, 10; ii, 72. G. I We should rather expect ad dextram GL. or ab læva L.-but Livy may be speaking of what was to his own left: thus ultra is used, 5. cf. xxvii, 48; Tac. A. ii, 8. ST.

3 This island was bounded by the Isere on the south, the Rhone on the north, and the Alps on the east. MA. cf. Her. ix, 51, n. 76; Diary of an Invalid, ii, p. 147.

4 The chief towns of this people are Geneva, Vienne, and Grenoble. R. The Isere is no where said, either in Polybius or in Strabo, to be strictly the boundary of their territory it would seem from this passage that it was not. LG.

:

5 This repetition of the substantive is very frequent in Livy; i, 3; 56; ii, 32; iv, 3; v, 15; 41; 43; vi, 2; 24; x, 18; 34; &c. E and D defend this redundancy, which G and R attribute in many instances to the officiousness of copyists.

6 From his conquest of them Q. Fabius obtained the distinguished surname of Allobrogicus: C. Juv. viii, 13, note.

7 The same as de regno ambigebant; x1, 15. R.

8 Referred,' reserved for Hannibal's decision;' ii, 22; 27 sq; v, 22; xxiii, 25; xxvi, 15; xxxix, 3; xxi, 53; xlii, 32; Tac.

A. iii, 52. R. D.

9 Straight through the country.' Virg. Æ. viii, 57. R.

10 The Tricastini, Vocontii, and Tricorii, are three nations of Dauphiné, between the Rhone and the Durance. R. WM and CR assume the locality of the former to be determined by the modern name St Paul-TroisChâteaux (p. 132). If this remarkable coincidence be considered decisive of the point, we must adopt the alteration suggested in note a: but, according to Strabo, the whole country along the Rhone, between the Durance and the Isere, belonged to the Cavares; LG, p. 93 sqq. and the inconclusiveness of the argument may be illustrated from the fact that the city of Dan was very remote from the land occupied by the tribe of that name.

11 Other instances of this use of the simple verb will be found, ix, 37; x, 36; xxiii, 34; xxiv, 5; 28; xxv, 32. R. cf. 29, 4.

12 That is, as well as the Isere and the Rhone.' It rises in Mont Genevre. R.

14

mus transitu est. nam cum aquæ vim vehat ingentem, P. C. Scipio non tamen navium patiens est 13, quia nullis 1 coercitus T. S.Longus ripis, pluribus simul neque iisdem alveis fluens, nova s. iii, 468 semper vada novosque gurgites" (et ob eadem pediti $99. quoque incerta est via), ad hoc saxa glareosa volvens, nihil stabile nec tutum ingredienti præbet. et tum forte imbribus auctus ingentem transgredientibus tumultum 15 fecit, cum super cetera trepidatione ipsi sua atque incertis clamoribus turbarentur.

Hannibal's

camp.

32 P. Cornelius consul, triduo fere postquam Hannibal ab Cornelius ripa Rhodani movit, quadrato agmine ad castra hostium reaches venerat, nullam dimicanti moram facturus. ceterum ubi deserted deserta munimenta, nec facile se tantum prægressos assecuturum videt, ad mare ac' naves rediit, tutius faci- He returns liusque ita descendenti ab Alpibus Hannibali occursurus. to his fleet. ne tamen nuda auxiliis Romanis Hispania esset, quam provinciam sortitus erat, Cn. Scipionem fratrem cum maxima parte copiarum adversus Hasdrubalem misit, non ad tuendos tantummodo veteres socios conciliandosque novos, sed etiam ad pellendum Hispania Hasdrubalem. ipse cum admodum exiguis copiis Genuam1 repetit, eo qui circa Padum erat 2 exercitu Italiam defensurus.

25 sq; 39. Hannibal ab Druentia campestri maxime itinere ad Hannibal's Alpes cum bona pace incolentium ea loca Gallorum passage of pervenit. tum, quanquam fama prius, qua incerta in majus1

the Alps.

conctus N. but cf. angustioribus coercitus ripis iter cogit, Curt. vi, 4; angustis ripis coereita et in angustiorem alveum elisa torrentes aquas invehunt, id. ix, 2. D. faciens ad. some Mss. adv. F. C. V. five L. GA. D. N. A river may be said vada gurgitesque volvere, when by rolling its sands it makes shallows and holes in various places. G. o var. Mss; glomeresa or globosa (cf. xxxviii, 29) or gloriosa or glariosa-glareasque conj. (though Pliny has glareosum solum, and Columella glureosa loca.) G. We must understand either gravel agglomerated into masses, forming a kind of pudding stone,' or else small fragments of rock rounded by attrition like pebbles.' ST. V marg. H 2d.-progressos cet. Mss. b cf. xxii, 19; xxv, 15; G. xxvii, 28; xxx, 36; xxxvii, 13; xli, 7; xlii, 63. D.—ad C. cf. xxxi, 42. D. e tutandos G. C. d F. B. cet. Mss tr. ad Alpes to this place. V. G. F 2d.

e quæ

3 Without any hindrance or molestation;' C. i, 24.

4 In majus accipere, iv, 1; xxix, 3; celebrantes, iv, 34. R. omne enim ignotum pro magnifico est; Tac. A. 29.

P. C. Scipio vero ferri' solent, præcepta 5 res erat ", tamen ex propinT.S.Longus quo visa montium altitudo nivesque cælo prope immixtæ, S. iii, 477 tecta informia imposita rupibus, pecora jumentaque tor

rida frigore, homines intonsi et inculti, animalia inanima

8

m

taque omnia rigentia gelu, cetera visu quam dictu fœdiora, P. iii, 50. terrorem renovârunt. erigentibus 7 in primos agmen clivos apparuerunt imminentes tumulos insidentes montani, qui si valles occultiores insedissent, coorti ad pugnam repente ingentem fugam stragemque dedissent '. Hannibal con29.sistere signa jussit; Gallisque ad visenda loca præmissis, postquam comperit transitum ea9 non esse, castra inter confragosa 10 omnia præruptaque, quam extentissima TM potest" valle, locat. tum per eosdem Gallos, haud sane multum lingua moribusque abhorrentes, cum se immiscuissent colloquiis montanorum, edoctus interdiu tantum obsideri saltum, nocte in sua quemque dilabi tecta, luce prima subiit tumulos ut ex aperto" atque interdiu vim P per angustias facturus. die deinde simulando aliud quam quod parabatur consumpto, cum eodem quo constiterant loco castra communîssent, ubi primum degressos tumulis montanos laxatasque sensit custodias, pluribus ignibus quam pro numero manentium in speciem factis, impedimentisque cum equite relictis et maxima parte peditum, ipse cum ferre H. solet G. 1 L. V. F. HF. B. HV.-quæ ferre solet conj. G. pr. D. h præcepta erant (i. e. all the things presently mentioned) conj. G. i em. G.-inanimantia (cf. Sen. Ep. 58 twice) conj. D.—inanimaliaque pl. Mss.—inanimaque V. cf. xli, 18. D.-inanimalia B.-animaliaque (om. the intermediate word) 2 L. GA. D. N. jin ad. V. 1 L. R. GA. N. but cf. xxii, 28; xxv, 17; xxvi, 44; xxxv, 4; 11; xxxvi, 30; xxxviii, 2; xliv, 2; ix, 15; Sil. xii, 486. D. k F. H. cf. iv, 56.-in cet. Mss. cf. vii, 3. D. 1 cf. iv, 30; 33; vii, 23.—edidissent GA. as cædem edidissent xxxi, 24. m extensissima al. but cf. xxx, 19. D. n pote 3 P. cf. Prop. ii, 1, 36; P. Syrus often. GB. 0 ques præmiserat ad visenda loca ad. 2 P. and (with ante ad. after quos) 2 L. P F. C. V. 2, 4 L. GA. HV. N.-om. L.-viam al. Mss. Aparatur F. ri. e. the Carthaginians-communisset B. H. GA.-constiterat communisset D. L.N. A. but a similar change from plural to singular occurs at the end of 33. s digressos F. V. 1–3, 5 L. B. R. GA. HV. N.

f

5 Anticipated;' C. ix, 5; xxxi, 49; ST. iv, 27; x, 26; xxxv, 35; xxxviii, 20; xlii, 61. R.

6 Cf. 40, d and e; hiems arbores deusserat, xl, 45; Tac. A. xiii, 35: thus xaisolas &c. in Greek; R. àxoxaíwv nai anyvus Xen. A. iv, 5, .3; (HU.) Virg. G. i, 92 sq. (HY.)

7 Cf. x, 26; D. ix, 31; 43. E.

to guide the army. S.

9 That way understand parte; iii, 70; xxi, 56; xxxviii, 30; iv, 39; v, 43; ix, 2; 35. R.

10 v, 26; xxviii, 2; xxxii, 4; R. xxxviii, 41; KR. xliv, 3. E.

11 In aperto, i, 33; xxii, 4; xxiii, 46; xxxvi, 17; locis apertis, xxxiii, 7; xxxiv, 46; ἐμφανῶς, Ρol. ἐν καθαρῷ, Hom. 11. Θ 491. R.

8 The deputies from the Boii, who offered cf. 6, b.