Charlemagne (Charles the Great).

-King of the Franks and Ro-
man Emperor (742-814 A. D.).
"Revival of the Western Em-
pire," v, 57; most illustrious
monarch of the Middle Ages, 57;
birth and ancestry, 58; mon-
arch (768 A. D.) and reign, 58,
59; his era and Empire, 59-64;
his deeds, 65; perils from un-
subdued barbarians, 65, 66;
begins work of subjugation, 68;
fights the Saxons 33 years, 69;
forced conversion upon them, 70,
71; Normans cause him alarm,
71;
the Hunnish
conquers
Avares, 72; turns upon the
Saracens, 73; Lombard wars,
74, 75; crowned Emperor of the
West, 75; imperialism, 77-79;
death and with him dies his
Empire, 80; legislator and ad-
ministrator, 82, 83, befriends

church and clergy, 85, character
and services, 89-91.
Charlemagne, Wars of, designed to
revive imperialism of Cæsars, V,

of St. Bartholomew in his reign
120; a persecuting monarch

121; death of, 127.
Charles X.-King of France (1824-
39), ix, 338-340; succession to
the throne in 1824, 104, 105;
expulsion from the throne, 99.
Charles XII.
King of Sweden
defeats
(1697-1718), viii, 350;
Russians at Narva (Nov., 1700),
351; defeated at Pultowa
(1709), and escapes into Turkey
by aid of his wife, 353; a model
to Frederic the Great, 373.
Charleston, S. C., xi, 148, 151.
Chartists, The, and the

Chartist

François René,

-

movement, x, 92, 93.
Chase, Salmon P. (1808-73.)
American jurist and statesman,
xi, 138; Secretary of the Treas
ury in Lincoln's Cabinet, xii,
276, 297; good management of
the U. S. finances, 297; chief.
justice, 308.
Chateaubriand,
Vicomte de. (1768-1848.)
French statesman and author;
friendship with Mme. Récamier,
vii, 244-252; political downfall,
248; pays court to Mme. de
Staël, 290; theme: "Restoration
and Fall of the Bourbons," ix,
187; poet, orator, diplomat, and
minister, 199; birth and noble
family, 200; an émigré, 200;
his "Génie du Christianisme,"
200; travels, 200; pamphlet on
"Bonaparte et des Bourbons,"
201; а royalist under Louis
XVIII, 203; represents France
at Congress of Verona, 205; re-
ceived by Czar Alexander and
Metternich, 205; succeeds Mont-
morency as minister of foreign
affairs, 207; urges war with
Spain, 208; with Villèle, author
of the Septennial Bill, 209, 210;
For location of Volumes in Books,

--

Macaulay's

See

essays on, xiii, 258, 266.
Pitt, William.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. (1340-1400.)
Father of English poetry. "Eng
lish Life in 14th Century," vi,
59; great movements of era, 59,
60; parliamentary history, 61,
62; habits and customs of peo-
ple, 62, 63; birth, family, and
social position, 63, 64, 66; in-
timacy with John of Gaunt, 64;
accompanies king to France and
taken prisoner, 64, 65; ran-
somed, 65; "Roman de la Rose,"
translation of, 67; descriptions
of the people, 72, 73; "Legend
of Good Women," 73; "Canter-
bury Tales," 74-79;

chivalry,

and description of women, 80,
81; sports and amusements, 82;
home, town, and city life of
Deriod, 83-85; religious life and
ecclesiastical abuses of time, 85,
86; courts of love and chivalric
glories, 87; Ward's biography,
88; character, appearance, and
manners, 89, 90; monument in
Westminster Abbey, 90, 91; xi,
33; a huge literary borrower,
xiii, 294.

Cheatham, Major-General, B. F
xii, 349.

Cheddar, Hannah More's school at,
vii, 313, 314.

Chedorlaomer.-King of Elam, Ab-
raham rescues his nephew Lot
from, ii, 36; traditions and
legends of, xiv, 354.

Chemistry, its assistance in medi-
cine, xiv, 472.

Cheops, Pyramid of, iii, 87.

Chesapeake, The, xi, 150.
Chesterfield (Philip D. Stanhope),
Earl of. (1694-1773.) English

man of fashion, vii, 223.

Chicago, National Republican Con-
vention in "The Wigwam," at
(1860), xii, 271.

Chickamauga, General Bragg in
battle of, xii, 339.

China, Introduction of Buddhistie
doctrines into, 1, 84, 85, 91;
Buddhist temples in (13th
cent.), 92; prescribed by pres
ent dynasty, 92; classic litera-
ture of, 174; intercourse with,
by land, xiv, 257; by sea, 261;
Emperor and Empress Dowager
of, 295.

Chinese Wall, xiv, 259.

Ching, Prince, of China, xiv, 298.
Chios (Scio), Turkish massacre of
Greeks at (1822), ix, 298.
Chivalry, its worship of the female
sex and the Queen of Heaven, v,
316; interesting institution of
Middle Ages, 320; as an insti
tution, vii, 228, 229.
Choiseul, Duc

de.

-

(1719-85.)
French statesman, viii, 318.
Chopin, François F. - (1809-49.)
Polish musical composer, xiv,
58-61, 64, 65, 68, 69.
Chourchid Pasha..

Turkish gen.

eral, operations in Greek Revo-
lution, ix, 296-300.

Chow dynasty, China, 1, 146, 149,
154.

Christ and His teachings, ii, 38;
temptation of, 40.

Christian IV, King of Denmark
(1588-1648), takes part in the
Protestant rising in Northern
Germany in the Thirty Years'
War, viii, 153.

For location of Volumes in Books,

"Christian Morals," Hannah More's
work on, vii, 327.
Christianity.-Compared with other
religious systems, i, 28-30; has
in it elements not found in lat
ter, 28, 29; its standard the
measure of all other systems,
29; Judaism and Christianity,
31; abolishes all forms of out-
ward sacrifice, 50; sacerdotalism
in, associated with infidelity, 51;
extirpated ancient idolatries, 58;
the spread of, ii, 411; vii, 113,
389.

Christians, Roman, persecution of,
under Nero, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, iv,
111, 112.
"Christ's Descent into Hell,"
Goethe's poem on, xiii, 393.
"Chronicle's of the Canongate,"
Scott's collection of tales of,
xiii, 128.

Chrysoloras, Emanuel.

--

(Died

1415.) Greek scholar, vi, 428.
Chrysostom, Saint, father of the
Greek Church (347-407 A. D.),
his sacred eloquence, iv, 211;
birth and parents at Antioch,
219; practices law, but aban-
dons the Forum, 221; lives with
monks and is converted, 221,
222; ordained a presbyter at
Antioch, 223; the people elec-
trified by his preaching, 224;
his earnestness and unction,
225; pride and glory of the
ancient church, 225; saves An-
tioch from the vengeance of
Theodosius, 228; patriarch of
Constantinople, 232; austere
and censorious, 234; assailed by
Eutropius, by Bishop Theophilus,
and by Empress Eudoxia, 235-
238; sent into exile, but the
people refused to let him go,
238, 239; death at Comana, in

-

Churubusco, gallant action of
Robert E. Lee at, xii, 323.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. (106-43
B. C.) Roman philosopher and
statesman. Expositor of philos-
ophy, i, 238-240; his writings,
238, 239; moral theories, 240;
philosophy to him the wisdom of
life, 241; exquisite literary art
of, 313; preeminence, 366;
characteristics, 367-370; help-
ful to civilization, iii, 275; in-
fluence greater than his power,
275; birth and era, 276; st
law, defence of Milo, 278; tours
in Greece and Asia Minor, 278;
as ædile prosecutes Verres, 280;
his famous letters, 281; 8
prætor, 282; a consul, 284;
suppresses Catiline's conspiracy,
284, 285; hostility of Clodius
drives Cicero into exile, 286;
his palace burned and villas con-
fiscated, 287; this injustice pro-
duces reaction and he is recalled
from banishment, 288, 289; re-
gains popularity, 289; writes
"De Oratore," 290; speeches in
Forum and Senate, 290;
pro-
consul of Cilicia, 291; takes
Pompey's side against Cæsar,
292; matrimonial troubles, 293;
his chief writings, 294; assas-
sinated, 295; philippics against
Antony, 297; services as states-
man, orator, and essayist, 299;
oratorical gifts and literary
For location of Volumes in Books,

tyle, 301-303; his learning and
genius, 304, 305; patriot and
recognizes
moralist, 306;
services and fame,
Cæsar's
though reminding him of higher
things expected of him, iv, 99;
vii, 39, 110, 269; xi, 182.
Cilicia, Cicero pro-consul of, iii,
291.

Cimon of Cleona.-Greek painter.
First painter of perspective,
307; iii, 130.

Circe, Cup of, xiii, 383.
Circumcision practiced by Egyp
controversy over
tians, i, 37;

rite of, ii, 422-424.

Circus Maximus, Rome, founded,
iii, 226; great seating capacity,

Classics, Greek and Roman, i, 319-
377.

Clay, Henry.-(1777-1852.) Amer.
ican statesman and orator, xi,

52, 232, 276, 295, 312, 320;
"Compromise Legislation,” xii,
87; birth and education, 88;
enters the law, 89; practices at
Lexington, Ky., 91; personal
appearance and manners, 92;
speaker of State legislature, 93;
in
enters U. S. Senate, 93;
Congress, and elected speaker,
94; favors war with England,
94, 95; a diplomat, 97; favors
U. S. Bank, 102; change of
views, 102; advocate of Missouri
Compromise, 108; "the great
pacificator," 109; interest in the
tariff of 1824, 111; his aspira-
tions to the presidency, 115;
Secretary of State, 117, 118;
takes to farming, 119; traits in
hatred of
his character, 120;

Jackson, 121; his career as Sen-
ator, 122; speeches on the
tariff of 1832, 122; visits east-
ern cities, 126; perennial can-
didature for the presidency, 127;
banking questions, 130, 131; in
anti-slavery question a pacifi-
cator and Unionist, 133;

his

compromise measures, 135;
death, 137; his oratorical power
and other qualities and weak-
nesses, 137-141.

by

Clemenceau, Georges. (1841- .)
French statesman, xv, 267; in-
fluential in appointing Foch as
Generalissimo, 131; decisive
role in war, 267, 268; opposed
268-270; de-
Socialists,
scended from great makers of
French Revolution, 270-271, 281,
283, 284; physical characteris-
tics, 271; family history, 271,
272; education, 272; marriage,

For location of Volumes in Books,

as

272; interest in American poli-
tics, 272; Mayor of Montmarte,
272; made a Deputy of the
French Chamber, 272; leader of
writings, 275,
radicals, 273;
influence orator
285, 286;
and journalist, 273, 288, 289;
founds paper, 283; determined
stand against Colonial expedi-
tions, 283, 284; opposes Gen-
eral Boulanger, 274; expelled
from Parliament, 274; part in
Dreyfus affair, 275; returned to
Parliament, 275; warns people
German ag-
against probable
made
276;
gression, 275,
made a Prime
Minister, 276;
Minister, 116, 276; resists
German pretentions over ques-
tion of Foreign Legion, 276,
277; sides against Caillaux on
Agadir Affair, 277, 278, 280,
281; criticises Viviani, Briand,
and Painlevé, 278; faith in the
efforts of his country, 279; im-
energy
prisons Caillaux, 281;

displayed in spring and summer
of 1918, 282; supports Foch,
283;
philosophical doctrines,
284; idealism, 284, 285;
greatest book, 285, 286; ignor-
ant

on subject of economics,
286-288; wit and humor, 289;
compared with Poincaré, 289,
290;
with
compared
Lloyd
George, 290, 291; defeated by
M. Deschanel, 293; saved coun-
try in hour of need, 293, 294;
compared with Lincoln, 294.
Clement XIV. Pope (1769-74),
viii, 319.

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.

-

(Died 30 B. C.) The Woman of
Paganism, iii, 311; intellectual,
accomplished, beautiful, and
fascinating, 311; her godless yet
brilliant age, 312; birth of this

Roman numerals refer to Volumes.

the last of the Greek sovereigns
of Egypt, 313; attracts Cæsar's
attention, 315; meets and be-
guiles Mark Antony, 316, 318,
322; who, enslaved, returns
with the siren to Alexandria,
322; his marriage with Octavia
piques Cleopatra, 324; again at
Alexandria with Egypt's queen,
325; the
seafight at Actium,
326; Antony dies before his
sorceress, 329; death of Cleo-
patra, 333; other attractive but
immoral women of ancient his-
tory, 335; their influence fatal
to men of high place and am-
bition, 337; effect of Paganism

on the sex, 338-345; Christian.
ity breeds a nobler type of

women, 346, 347; vii, 27, 109,
149, 251.
"Clerical Life," "Scenes

of,"